Resistance to MAPK Pathway Inhibition in <i>BRAF</i>-V600E Mutant Colorectal Cancer Can Be Overcome with Insulin Receptor/Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Inhibitors
The current treatment for refractory <i>BRAF</i>-V600E mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) involves combined inhibition of BRAF and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, tumour responses are often short-lived due to a rebound in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MA...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Organoids |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/4/2/14 |
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| Summary: | The current treatment for refractory <i>BRAF</i>-V600E mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) involves combined inhibition of BRAF and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, tumour responses are often short-lived due to a rebound in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. In this study, we combined short-term cell viability assays with long-term regrowth assays following drug removal over a period of three weeks. This allowed assessment of regrowth after therapy discontinuation. We tested the effect of combined BRAF inhibition (encorafenib) and EGFR inhibition (afatinib) on <i>BRAF</i>-V600E mutant CRC patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Combined EGFR/BRAF inhibition initially caused a major reduction in PDO growth capacity in <i>BRAF</i>-V600E mutant PDOs. This was followed by rapid regrowth after drug removal, mirroring clinical outcomes. EGFR inhibition in <i>BRAF</i>-V600E mutant PDOs led to activation of the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R). The IGF1R/IR inhibitor linsitinib prevented the rebound in MAPK activity following removal of afatinib and encorafenib, prevented regrowth of CRC PDOs, and improved the anti-tumour response in an in vivo model. PDO regrowth assays allow the identification of pathways driving tumour recurrence. IR/IGF1R-inhibition prevents regrowth following golden standard MAPK pathway-targeted therapy and provides a strategy to improve the treatment of <i>BRAF</i>-V600E mutant CRC |
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| ISSN: | 2674-1172 |