Virulence Adaptation by Rice Planthoppers and Leafhoppers to Resistance Genes and Loci: A Review
In recent decades, research on developing and deploying resistant rice has accelerated due to the availability of modern molecular tools and, in particular, advances in marker-assisted selection. However, progress in understanding virulence adaptation has been relatively slow. This review tracks pat...
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MDPI AG
2024-08-01
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| author | Finbarr G. Horgan |
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| author_sort | Finbarr G. Horgan |
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| description | In recent decades, research on developing and deploying resistant rice has accelerated due to the availability of modern molecular tools and, in particular, advances in marker-assisted selection. However, progress in understanding virulence adaptation has been relatively slow. This review tracks patterns in virulence adaptation to resistance genes (particularly <i>Bph1</i>, <i>bph2</i>, <i>Bph3</i>, and <i>bph4</i>) and examines the nature of virulence based on selection experiments, responses by virulent populations to differential rice varieties (i.e., varieties with different resistance genes), and breeding experiments that interpret the genetic mechanisms underlying adaptation. The review proposes that varietal resistance is best regarded as a combination of minor and major resistance traits against which planthoppers develop partial or complete virulence through heritable improvements that are reversable or through evolutionary adaptation, respectively. Agronomic practices, deployment patterns, and herbivore population pressures determine the rates of adaptation, and there is growing evidence that pesticide detoxification mechanisms can accelerate virulence adaptation. Research to delay adaptation has mainly focused on gene pyramiding (i.e., including ≥ two major genes in a variety) and multilines (i.e., including ≥ two resistant varieties in a field or landscape); however, these strategies have not been adequately tested and, if not managed properly, could inadvertently accelerate adaptation compared to sequential deployment. Several research gaps remain and considerable improvements in research methods are required to better understand and manage virulence adaptation. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-67a16eef220a47a2a2580d4efcb9ebd22025-08-20T01:55:33ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502024-08-0115965210.3390/insects15090652Virulence Adaptation by Rice Planthoppers and Leafhoppers to Resistance Genes and Loci: A ReviewFinbarr G. Horgan0EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56 P499 County Cork, IrelandIn recent decades, research on developing and deploying resistant rice has accelerated due to the availability of modern molecular tools and, in particular, advances in marker-assisted selection. However, progress in understanding virulence adaptation has been relatively slow. This review tracks patterns in virulence adaptation to resistance genes (particularly <i>Bph1</i>, <i>bph2</i>, <i>Bph3</i>, and <i>bph4</i>) and examines the nature of virulence based on selection experiments, responses by virulent populations to differential rice varieties (i.e., varieties with different resistance genes), and breeding experiments that interpret the genetic mechanisms underlying adaptation. The review proposes that varietal resistance is best regarded as a combination of minor and major resistance traits against which planthoppers develop partial or complete virulence through heritable improvements that are reversable or through evolutionary adaptation, respectively. Agronomic practices, deployment patterns, and herbivore population pressures determine the rates of adaptation, and there is growing evidence that pesticide detoxification mechanisms can accelerate virulence adaptation. Research to delay adaptation has mainly focused on gene pyramiding (i.e., including ≥ two major genes in a variety) and multilines (i.e., including ≥ two resistant varieties in a field or landscape); however, these strategies have not been adequately tested and, if not managed properly, could inadvertently accelerate adaptation compared to sequential deployment. Several research gaps remain and considerable improvements in research methods are required to better understand and manage virulence adaptation.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/9/652brown planthopperendosymbiontsgreen leafhopperhost plant resistancemicrobiomeyeast-like symbionts |
| spellingShingle | Finbarr G. Horgan Virulence Adaptation by Rice Planthoppers and Leafhoppers to Resistance Genes and Loci: A Review Insects brown planthopper endosymbionts green leafhopper host plant resistance microbiome yeast-like symbionts |
| title | Virulence Adaptation by Rice Planthoppers and Leafhoppers to Resistance Genes and Loci: A Review |
| title_full | Virulence Adaptation by Rice Planthoppers and Leafhoppers to Resistance Genes and Loci: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Virulence Adaptation by Rice Planthoppers and Leafhoppers to Resistance Genes and Loci: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Virulence Adaptation by Rice Planthoppers and Leafhoppers to Resistance Genes and Loci: A Review |
| title_short | Virulence Adaptation by Rice Planthoppers and Leafhoppers to Resistance Genes and Loci: A Review |
| title_sort | virulence adaptation by rice planthoppers and leafhoppers to resistance genes and loci a review |
| topic | brown planthopper endosymbionts green leafhopper host plant resistance microbiome yeast-like symbionts |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/9/652 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT finbarrghorgan virulenceadaptationbyriceplanthoppersandleafhopperstoresistancegenesandlociareview |