A novel L1C.5 RFLP-1-4-4 recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between wild-type virus and a modified-live virus vaccine is highly pathogenic to piglets
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a severe viral disease in pigs caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). It poses a severe threat to the global swine breeding industry. Recently, the emergence of PRRSV lineage 1C.5 in the United States and China w...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1627238/full |
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| author | Xue Gao Jun Zhou Runmin Kang Haohao Lu Shuo Feng Yiwen Pei Jie Liu Jie Liu Zhidong Zhang Zhidong Zhang Long Zhou Long Zhou |
| author_facet | Xue Gao Jun Zhou Runmin Kang Haohao Lu Shuo Feng Yiwen Pei Jie Liu Jie Liu Zhidong Zhang Zhidong Zhang Long Zhou Long Zhou |
| author_sort | Xue Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a severe viral disease in pigs caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). It poses a severe threat to the global swine breeding industry. Recently, the emergence of PRRSV lineage 1C.5 in the United States and China with the RFLP 1–4-4 pattern has raised worldwide attention; however, there are few studies on the genome and pathogenic characteristics of the L1C.5 RFLP 1–4-4 PRRSV in China. In this study, a novel PRRSV-2 variant, designated GX2024, was isolated from a RespPRRS MLV-vaccinated piglet in China using Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). The complete viral genome was further determined and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of its ORF5 gene showed that GX2024 belonged to PRRSV-2 L1C.5 (RFLP-1-4-4) group, whereas the complete genome sequence clustered into L8E (JXA1-like) group and it contains a discontinuous 131-aa deletion in NSP2 when compared to the NADC30 strain. Notably, recombination analyses indicated that GX2024 is a multiple recombinant virus from two wild-type PRRSVs L1C.5 (NADC30-like) and L8E (JXA1-like), and a RespPRRS MLV vaccine (L5A) strain. To tested the pathogenicity of GX2024, nine four-week-old piglets were divided into two groups (GX2024-challenge group, n = 5; negative control, n = 4). GX2024 infection caused high fever (40–42°C) and severe hemorrhagic pneumonia with pulmonary edema. The lymph nodes exhibited obvious hemorrhagic spots with lymphadenopathy. Of note, all GX2024-infected piglets died within 14 days with 100% mortality, indicating that GX2024 is a highly pathogenic PRRSV strain. Our study reports the emergence of a novel highly pathogenic L1C.5 RFLP-1-4-4 recombinant strain, which merits special attention in control and vaccine strategies in China. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6796790aa3574c338bbd676eb2d560f3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-6796790aa3574c338bbd676eb2d560f32025-08-20T03:32:58ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692025-07-011210.3389/fvets.2025.16272381627238A novel L1C.5 RFLP-1-4-4 recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between wild-type virus and a modified-live virus vaccine is highly pathogenic to pigletsXue Gao0Jun Zhou1Runmin Kang2Haohao Lu3Shuo Feng4Yiwen Pei5Jie Liu6Jie Liu7Zhidong Zhang8Zhidong Zhang9Long Zhou10Long Zhou11Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine in Universities of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, ChinaSichuan Boce Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, ChinaSichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, ChinaKey Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine in Universities of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, ChinaKey Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine in Universities of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, ChinaKey Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine in Universities of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, ChinaKey Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine in Universities of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, ChinaKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, ChinaKey Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine in Universities of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, ChinaKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, ChinaKey Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine in Universities of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, ChinaKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, ChinaPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a severe viral disease in pigs caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). It poses a severe threat to the global swine breeding industry. Recently, the emergence of PRRSV lineage 1C.5 in the United States and China with the RFLP 1–4-4 pattern has raised worldwide attention; however, there are few studies on the genome and pathogenic characteristics of the L1C.5 RFLP 1–4-4 PRRSV in China. In this study, a novel PRRSV-2 variant, designated GX2024, was isolated from a RespPRRS MLV-vaccinated piglet in China using Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). The complete viral genome was further determined and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of its ORF5 gene showed that GX2024 belonged to PRRSV-2 L1C.5 (RFLP-1-4-4) group, whereas the complete genome sequence clustered into L8E (JXA1-like) group and it contains a discontinuous 131-aa deletion in NSP2 when compared to the NADC30 strain. Notably, recombination analyses indicated that GX2024 is a multiple recombinant virus from two wild-type PRRSVs L1C.5 (NADC30-like) and L8E (JXA1-like), and a RespPRRS MLV vaccine (L5A) strain. To tested the pathogenicity of GX2024, nine four-week-old piglets were divided into two groups (GX2024-challenge group, n = 5; negative control, n = 4). GX2024 infection caused high fever (40–42°C) and severe hemorrhagic pneumonia with pulmonary edema. The lymph nodes exhibited obvious hemorrhagic spots with lymphadenopathy. Of note, all GX2024-infected piglets died within 14 days with 100% mortality, indicating that GX2024 is a highly pathogenic PRRSV strain. Our study reports the emergence of a novel highly pathogenic L1C.5 RFLP-1-4-4 recombinant strain, which merits special attention in control and vaccine strategies in China.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1627238/fullporcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virusL1C RFLP-1-4-4highly pathogenicrecombinationMLV |
| spellingShingle | Xue Gao Jun Zhou Runmin Kang Haohao Lu Shuo Feng Yiwen Pei Jie Liu Jie Liu Zhidong Zhang Zhidong Zhang Long Zhou Long Zhou A novel L1C.5 RFLP-1-4-4 recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between wild-type virus and a modified-live virus vaccine is highly pathogenic to piglets Frontiers in Veterinary Science porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus L1C RFLP-1-4-4 highly pathogenic recombination MLV |
| title | A novel L1C.5 RFLP-1-4-4 recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between wild-type virus and a modified-live virus vaccine is highly pathogenic to piglets |
| title_full | A novel L1C.5 RFLP-1-4-4 recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between wild-type virus and a modified-live virus vaccine is highly pathogenic to piglets |
| title_fullStr | A novel L1C.5 RFLP-1-4-4 recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between wild-type virus and a modified-live virus vaccine is highly pathogenic to piglets |
| title_full_unstemmed | A novel L1C.5 RFLP-1-4-4 recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between wild-type virus and a modified-live virus vaccine is highly pathogenic to piglets |
| title_short | A novel L1C.5 RFLP-1-4-4 recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between wild-type virus and a modified-live virus vaccine is highly pathogenic to piglets |
| title_sort | novel l1c 5 rflp 1 4 4 recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between wild type virus and a modified live virus vaccine is highly pathogenic to piglets |
| topic | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus L1C RFLP-1-4-4 highly pathogenic recombination MLV |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1627238/full |
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