Protein feed-driven regulation of pig intestinal microbiota: Mechanisms underlying odor emission mitigation and development of sustainable deodorizing formulations
Livestock farming significantly contributes to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and malodorous pollutants, exacerbating global environmental degradation. Despite the crucial role of protein feeds in regulating gas emissions and enhancing pork production efficiency, the mechanisms by which diff...
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Resources, Environment and Sustainability |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266691612500057X |
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| author | Hao Fu Yan Li Fuyan Ke Huihui Quan Xu Xu Xiaohui Li Qiaoyun Chen Guanhong Li Xionge Pi |
| author_facet | Hao Fu Yan Li Fuyan Ke Huihui Quan Xu Xu Xiaohui Li Qiaoyun Chen Guanhong Li Xionge Pi |
| author_sort | Hao Fu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Livestock farming significantly contributes to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and malodorous pollutants, exacerbating global environmental degradation. Despite the crucial role of protein feeds in regulating gas emissions and enhancing pork production efficiency, the mechanisms by which different protein feeds regulate odors remain unclear. This study employed an in vitro simulated fermentation and in vivo feeding trials to explore the effects of eight protein feeds in China on odor mitigation through regulation of pig gut microbiota. Results demonstrated that protein content and amino acid composition were key factors influencing odor emissions. Notably, the cottonseed meal group exhibited the highest levels of odor (68.67 ± 58.13 ppm) and showed enrichment of the genus Megasphaera. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between Megasphaera and the production of H2S, NH3, H2, and CO2. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the cottonseed meal group displayed a higher abundance of metabolic pathways compared to other experimental groups, with Megasphaera positively correlating with multiple metabolic pathways, including amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. In contrast, corn germ meal-H and rapeseed meal-J groups had lower odor levels (12 ± 5.33 ppm and 16.17 ± 6.18 ppm, respectively), negatively associated with Bacillus and unclassified_c__Bacilli. Additionally, feeding trials demonstrated that rapeseed meal-based feed reduced NH3 and H2S emissions in pig houses by 47.75% and 54.2%, respectively, without compromising pig production performance. These findings clarified protein feeds’ role in odor regulation and laid a scientific foundation for balancing pig industry sustainability and environmental degradation. However, odor metabolism molecular mechanisms in key bacteria and others still require in-depth study. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-677b0b3a476a47aa8dfa739576dec158 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2666-9161 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Resources, Environment and Sustainability |
| spelling | doaj-art-677b0b3a476a47aa8dfa739576dec1582025-08-20T02:36:49ZengElsevierResources, Environment and Sustainability2666-91612025-09-012110024510.1016/j.resenv.2025.100245Protein feed-driven regulation of pig intestinal microbiota: Mechanisms underlying odor emission mitigation and development of sustainable deodorizing formulationsHao Fu0Yan Li1Fuyan Ke2Huihui Quan3Xu Xu4Xiaohui Li5Qiaoyun Chen6Guanhong Li7Xionge Pi8Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, ChinaInstitute of Rural Development, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaJiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Corresponding authors.Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Corresponding authors.Livestock farming significantly contributes to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and malodorous pollutants, exacerbating global environmental degradation. Despite the crucial role of protein feeds in regulating gas emissions and enhancing pork production efficiency, the mechanisms by which different protein feeds regulate odors remain unclear. This study employed an in vitro simulated fermentation and in vivo feeding trials to explore the effects of eight protein feeds in China on odor mitigation through regulation of pig gut microbiota. Results demonstrated that protein content and amino acid composition were key factors influencing odor emissions. Notably, the cottonseed meal group exhibited the highest levels of odor (68.67 ± 58.13 ppm) and showed enrichment of the genus Megasphaera. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between Megasphaera and the production of H2S, NH3, H2, and CO2. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the cottonseed meal group displayed a higher abundance of metabolic pathways compared to other experimental groups, with Megasphaera positively correlating with multiple metabolic pathways, including amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. In contrast, corn germ meal-H and rapeseed meal-J groups had lower odor levels (12 ± 5.33 ppm and 16.17 ± 6.18 ppm, respectively), negatively associated with Bacillus and unclassified_c__Bacilli. Additionally, feeding trials demonstrated that rapeseed meal-based feed reduced NH3 and H2S emissions in pig houses by 47.75% and 54.2%, respectively, without compromising pig production performance. These findings clarified protein feeds’ role in odor regulation and laid a scientific foundation for balancing pig industry sustainability and environmental degradation. However, odor metabolism molecular mechanisms in key bacteria and others still require in-depth study.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266691612500057XProtein feedsOdor emissionsIntestinal microbiotaMicrobial mechanismsDeodorizing formulation |
| spellingShingle | Hao Fu Yan Li Fuyan Ke Huihui Quan Xu Xu Xiaohui Li Qiaoyun Chen Guanhong Li Xionge Pi Protein feed-driven regulation of pig intestinal microbiota: Mechanisms underlying odor emission mitigation and development of sustainable deodorizing formulations Resources, Environment and Sustainability Protein feeds Odor emissions Intestinal microbiota Microbial mechanisms Deodorizing formulation |
| title | Protein feed-driven regulation of pig intestinal microbiota: Mechanisms underlying odor emission mitigation and development of sustainable deodorizing formulations |
| title_full | Protein feed-driven regulation of pig intestinal microbiota: Mechanisms underlying odor emission mitigation and development of sustainable deodorizing formulations |
| title_fullStr | Protein feed-driven regulation of pig intestinal microbiota: Mechanisms underlying odor emission mitigation and development of sustainable deodorizing formulations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Protein feed-driven regulation of pig intestinal microbiota: Mechanisms underlying odor emission mitigation and development of sustainable deodorizing formulations |
| title_short | Protein feed-driven regulation of pig intestinal microbiota: Mechanisms underlying odor emission mitigation and development of sustainable deodorizing formulations |
| title_sort | protein feed driven regulation of pig intestinal microbiota mechanisms underlying odor emission mitigation and development of sustainable deodorizing formulations |
| topic | Protein feeds Odor emissions Intestinal microbiota Microbial mechanisms Deodorizing formulation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266691612500057X |
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