Anticancer and antibacterial activity of the cellulose nanocrystals modified by cyclodextrin and loaded by propolis
Abstract Nanocrystals have great potential as improved drug carriers due to their low cost, high biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Thus, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are particularly suitable for enhanced antibacterial and anticancer therapy. In this research, we report the green synthesis of...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08622-x |
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| author | Maryam Akhondi Zahra Sotoudehnia Korrani Maryam Mohammad-Sadeghipour Reza Bahramabadi Maryam Mohamadi |
| author_facet | Maryam Akhondi Zahra Sotoudehnia Korrani Maryam Mohammad-Sadeghipour Reza Bahramabadi Maryam Mohamadi |
| author_sort | Maryam Akhondi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Nanocrystals have great potential as improved drug carriers due to their low cost, high biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Thus, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are particularly suitable for enhanced antibacterial and anticancer therapy. In this research, we report the green synthesis of β-cyclodextrin-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (β-CD/CNCs) from pistachio shells as a carrier material for propolis, as well as the determination of its antibacterial and anticancer properties. The β-CD/CNCs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR analyses indicated the successful attachment of β-cyclodextrin to the cellulose nanocrystals. FE-SEM and TEM images of β-CD/CNCs exhibited rod-shaped morphology, while the XRD pattern revealed the crystal structure of β-CD/CNCs. The chemical composition of the propolis extract was investigated using GC–MS analysis. The incorporation of the propolis extract into the β-CD/CNCs was achieved with 10% encapsulation using the differential weighing method. Subsequently, the antibacterial and anticancer properties of the propolis-loaded β-CD/CNCs were determined. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer method) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination by the dilution method (DM). The anticancer properties were evaluated using MTT and flow cytometry assays on two liver cell lines (HepG2 and L929). The results demonstrated that the propolis loaded in β-CD/CNCs exhibited better antibacterial and anticancer activity than free propolis. Therefore, β-CD/CNCs can be suggested as a suitable carrier for propolis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-676ae645693e410fa0be3fc4193f65ad |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-676ae645693e410fa0be3fc4193f65ad2025-08-20T03:42:41ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111710.1038/s41598-025-08622-xAnticancer and antibacterial activity of the cellulose nanocrystals modified by cyclodextrin and loaded by propolisMaryam Akhondi0Zahra Sotoudehnia Korrani1Maryam Mohammad-Sadeghipour2Reza Bahramabadi3Maryam Mohamadi4Occupational Safety and Health Research Center, NICICO, World Safety Organization, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Occupational Health Engineering, Sirjan School of Medical ScienceMolecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Microbiology, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesOccupational Safety and Health Research Center, NICICO, World Safety Organization, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesAbstract Nanocrystals have great potential as improved drug carriers due to their low cost, high biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Thus, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are particularly suitable for enhanced antibacterial and anticancer therapy. In this research, we report the green synthesis of β-cyclodextrin-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (β-CD/CNCs) from pistachio shells as a carrier material for propolis, as well as the determination of its antibacterial and anticancer properties. The β-CD/CNCs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR analyses indicated the successful attachment of β-cyclodextrin to the cellulose nanocrystals. FE-SEM and TEM images of β-CD/CNCs exhibited rod-shaped morphology, while the XRD pattern revealed the crystal structure of β-CD/CNCs. The chemical composition of the propolis extract was investigated using GC–MS analysis. The incorporation of the propolis extract into the β-CD/CNCs was achieved with 10% encapsulation using the differential weighing method. Subsequently, the antibacterial and anticancer properties of the propolis-loaded β-CD/CNCs were determined. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer method) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination by the dilution method (DM). The anticancer properties were evaluated using MTT and flow cytometry assays on two liver cell lines (HepG2 and L929). The results demonstrated that the propolis loaded in β-CD/CNCs exhibited better antibacterial and anticancer activity than free propolis. Therefore, β-CD/CNCs can be suggested as a suitable carrier for propolis.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08622-xPistachio shellCellulose nanocrystalsβ-cyclodextrinPropolis extractAntibacterial activitiesAnticancer activities |
| spellingShingle | Maryam Akhondi Zahra Sotoudehnia Korrani Maryam Mohammad-Sadeghipour Reza Bahramabadi Maryam Mohamadi Anticancer and antibacterial activity of the cellulose nanocrystals modified by cyclodextrin and loaded by propolis Scientific Reports Pistachio shell Cellulose nanocrystals β-cyclodextrin Propolis extract Antibacterial activities Anticancer activities |
| title | Anticancer and antibacterial activity of the cellulose nanocrystals modified by cyclodextrin and loaded by propolis |
| title_full | Anticancer and antibacterial activity of the cellulose nanocrystals modified by cyclodextrin and loaded by propolis |
| title_fullStr | Anticancer and antibacterial activity of the cellulose nanocrystals modified by cyclodextrin and loaded by propolis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anticancer and antibacterial activity of the cellulose nanocrystals modified by cyclodextrin and loaded by propolis |
| title_short | Anticancer and antibacterial activity of the cellulose nanocrystals modified by cyclodextrin and loaded by propolis |
| title_sort | anticancer and antibacterial activity of the cellulose nanocrystals modified by cyclodextrin and loaded by propolis |
| topic | Pistachio shell Cellulose nanocrystals β-cyclodextrin Propolis extract Antibacterial activities Anticancer activities |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08622-x |
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