Neurodevelopmental disorders and gut-brain interactions: exploring the therapeutic potential of pycnogenol through microbial-metabolic-neural networks

Neurodevelopmental disorders and gut-brain interactions: exploring the therapeutic potential of pycnogenol through microbial-metabolic-neural networks

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), characterized by cognitive impairments and behavioral abnormalities, represent a clinically diverse group of conditions typically emerging during childhood or adolescence. Major subtypes encompass autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity di...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Ling Chen, Zhiqiang Li, Yuying Fan
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-06-01
Series:	Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Subjects:	neurodevelopmental disorders attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder autism spectrum disorder epilepsy pycnogenol gut-brain axis
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1601888/full
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