Treatment of avian malaria in captive African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) by the combination of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride
Avian malaria, a vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium spp., poses significant threats to various bird populations, particularly captive penguins like the endangered African penguin (Spheniscus demersus). Penguins, originating from regions with low malaria prevalence, are highly susceptible when...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/23144599.2025.2460919 |
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| author | Rossella Samarelli Nicola Pugliese Medhat Saleh Michela Prioletti Rossana Cordon Paolo Cavicchio Dalila Salierno Giuseppe Crescenzo Elena Circella Antonio Camarda |
| author_facet | Rossella Samarelli Nicola Pugliese Medhat Saleh Michela Prioletti Rossana Cordon Paolo Cavicchio Dalila Salierno Giuseppe Crescenzo Elena Circella Antonio Camarda |
| author_sort | Rossella Samarelli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Avian malaria, a vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium spp., poses significant threats to various bird populations, particularly captive penguins like the endangered African penguin (Spheniscus demersus). Penguins, originating from regions with low malaria prevalence, are highly susceptible when housed in malaria-permissive areas. This study evaluates the efficacy of an atovaquone/proguanil hydrochloride treatment protocol to manage avian malaria in a captive African penguin colony in an Italian zoo. The study involved 30 penguins monitored over 3 years. Thirteen penguins tested positive for Plasmodium spp., with 11 undergoing treatment. The treatment protocol consisted of atovaquone/proguanil hydrochloride (10/4 mg/kg) administered orally for 3 days, repeated after a week. Post-treatment monitoring at 7, 30, and 60 days, and follow-ups up to 2 years, showed that all but one penguin cleared the infection. The treatment was well tolerated, with no adverse effects observed. The findings suggest that this protocol is effective as a treatment of avian malaria and could be a valuable tool in avian malaria management, particularly for endangered species in captivity. However, the persistence of Plasmodium relictum in one case highlights the need for careful post-treatment monitoring to prevent recurrence or reinfection. The study underscores the importance of developing tailored antimalarial protocols for captive birds to enhance conservation efforts and mitigate the risks posed by avian malaria. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-664795fa1ba34a848d9834a936c872b9 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2314-4599 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-664795fa1ba34a848d9834a936c872b92025-08-20T03:05:24ZengTaylor & Francis GroupInternational Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine2314-45992025-12-011311810.1080/23144599.2025.2460919Treatment of avian malaria in captive African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) by the combination of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochlorideRossella Samarelli0Nicola Pugliese1Medhat Saleh2Michela Prioletti3Rossana Cordon4Paolo Cavicchio5Dalila Salierno6Giuseppe Crescenzo7Elena Circella8Antonio Camarda9Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, ItalyGiardino Zoologico di Pistoia, Pistoia, ItalyGiardino Zoologico di Pistoia, Pistoia, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, ItalyAvian malaria, a vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium spp., poses significant threats to various bird populations, particularly captive penguins like the endangered African penguin (Spheniscus demersus). Penguins, originating from regions with low malaria prevalence, are highly susceptible when housed in malaria-permissive areas. This study evaluates the efficacy of an atovaquone/proguanil hydrochloride treatment protocol to manage avian malaria in a captive African penguin colony in an Italian zoo. The study involved 30 penguins monitored over 3 years. Thirteen penguins tested positive for Plasmodium spp., with 11 undergoing treatment. The treatment protocol consisted of atovaquone/proguanil hydrochloride (10/4 mg/kg) administered orally for 3 days, repeated after a week. Post-treatment monitoring at 7, 30, and 60 days, and follow-ups up to 2 years, showed that all but one penguin cleared the infection. The treatment was well tolerated, with no adverse effects observed. The findings suggest that this protocol is effective as a treatment of avian malaria and could be a valuable tool in avian malaria management, particularly for endangered species in captivity. However, the persistence of Plasmodium relictum in one case highlights the need for careful post-treatment monitoring to prevent recurrence or reinfection. The study underscores the importance of developing tailored antimalarial protocols for captive birds to enhance conservation efforts and mitigate the risks posed by avian malaria.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/23144599.2025.2460919Avian malariaatovaquoneproguanil hydrochloridePlasmodiumAfrican penguinszoological garden |
| spellingShingle | Rossella Samarelli Nicola Pugliese Medhat Saleh Michela Prioletti Rossana Cordon Paolo Cavicchio Dalila Salierno Giuseppe Crescenzo Elena Circella Antonio Camarda Treatment of avian malaria in captive African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) by the combination of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine Avian malaria atovaquone proguanil hydrochloride Plasmodium African penguins zoological garden |
| title | Treatment of avian malaria in captive African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) by the combination of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride |
| title_full | Treatment of avian malaria in captive African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) by the combination of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride |
| title_fullStr | Treatment of avian malaria in captive African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) by the combination of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride |
| title_full_unstemmed | Treatment of avian malaria in captive African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) by the combination of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride |
| title_short | Treatment of avian malaria in captive African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) by the combination of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride |
| title_sort | treatment of avian malaria in captive african penguins spheniscus demersus by the combination of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride |
| topic | Avian malaria atovaquone proguanil hydrochloride Plasmodium African penguins zoological garden |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/23144599.2025.2460919 |
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