Landscape Transformations (1987–2022): Analyzing Spatial Changes Driven by Mining Activities in Ayapel, Colombia
Gold mining is an activity that has developed in Colombia due to the great availability of mineral resources geographically distributed throughout the territory. The extraction techniques used are linked to the domain of illegality and to armed actors who have generated notable landscape impacts. Th...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Juan David Pérez-Aristizábal Oscar Puerta-Avilés Juan Jiménez-Caldera Andrés Caballero-Calvo |
| author_facet | Juan David Pérez-Aristizábal Oscar Puerta-Avilés Juan Jiménez-Caldera Andrés Caballero-Calvo |
| author_sort | Juan David Pérez-Aristizábal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gold mining is an activity that has developed in Colombia due to the great availability of mineral resources geographically distributed throughout the territory. The extraction techniques used are linked to the domain of illegality and to armed actors who have generated notable landscape impacts. This study, focused on the Municipality of Ayapel, Colombia, identifies the landscape units and analyzes the changes in land use and cover resulting from gold mining between the years 1987, 2002, and 2022, applying the CORINE Land Cover methodology, an adapted legend for Colombia, using Landsat satellite images. For this, the recognition of the physical geographical characteristics of the area was carried out in order to group homogeneous landscape units through a cartographic overlay of various layers of information, considering variables such as topography, geomorphology, and lithology. This research identifies a total of 16 landscape units, 8 of which were intervened in 1987, mainly associated with denudational hills. However, in 2022, 13 landscape units were intervened, with a considerable increase in the affected area. Particularly noteworthy is the occupation of landscape units associated with alluvial valleys, with an average of more than 30% of their total area. This demonstrates that they are the most attractive and vulnerable areas for mining exploitation, as they are the zones with the greatest potential for hosting mineral deposits. This impact has worsened over the last decade due to the introduction of other extraction techniques with machinery (dredges, dragon boats, backhoes, and bulldozers) that generate higher productive and economic yields but, at the same time, cause deep environmental liabilities due to the lack of administrative controls. The changes in extraction techniques, the increase in the international price of the commodity, and the absence of government attention have been the breeding ground that has driven gold mining activity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-66231223a377448eb78a3c3891fc5d19 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj-art-66231223a377448eb78a3c3891fc5d192025-01-24T13:38:08ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-01-0114115710.3390/land14010157Landscape Transformations (1987–2022): Analyzing Spatial Changes Driven by Mining Activities in Ayapel, ColombiaJuan David Pérez-Aristizábal0Oscar Puerta-Avilés1Juan Jiménez-Caldera2Andrés Caballero-Calvo3Departamento de Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, ColombiaDepartamento de Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, ColombiaDepartamento de Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, ColombiaDepartment of Regional Geographic Analysis and Physical Geography, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainGold mining is an activity that has developed in Colombia due to the great availability of mineral resources geographically distributed throughout the territory. The extraction techniques used are linked to the domain of illegality and to armed actors who have generated notable landscape impacts. This study, focused on the Municipality of Ayapel, Colombia, identifies the landscape units and analyzes the changes in land use and cover resulting from gold mining between the years 1987, 2002, and 2022, applying the CORINE Land Cover methodology, an adapted legend for Colombia, using Landsat satellite images. For this, the recognition of the physical geographical characteristics of the area was carried out in order to group homogeneous landscape units through a cartographic overlay of various layers of information, considering variables such as topography, geomorphology, and lithology. This research identifies a total of 16 landscape units, 8 of which were intervened in 1987, mainly associated with denudational hills. However, in 2022, 13 landscape units were intervened, with a considerable increase in the affected area. Particularly noteworthy is the occupation of landscape units associated with alluvial valleys, with an average of more than 30% of their total area. This demonstrates that they are the most attractive and vulnerable areas for mining exploitation, as they are the zones with the greatest potential for hosting mineral deposits. This impact has worsened over the last decade due to the introduction of other extraction techniques with machinery (dredges, dragon boats, backhoes, and bulldozers) that generate higher productive and economic yields but, at the same time, cause deep environmental liabilities due to the lack of administrative controls. The changes in extraction techniques, the increase in the international price of the commodity, and the absence of government attention have been the breeding ground that has driven gold mining activity.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/157land coversynchronous landscape evolutionenvironmental degradationlandscape unitsmultitemporal analysis |
| spellingShingle | Juan David Pérez-Aristizábal Oscar Puerta-Avilés Juan Jiménez-Caldera Andrés Caballero-Calvo Landscape Transformations (1987–2022): Analyzing Spatial Changes Driven by Mining Activities in Ayapel, Colombia Land land cover synchronous landscape evolution environmental degradation landscape units multitemporal analysis |
| title | Landscape Transformations (1987–2022): Analyzing Spatial Changes Driven by Mining Activities in Ayapel, Colombia |
| title_full | Landscape Transformations (1987–2022): Analyzing Spatial Changes Driven by Mining Activities in Ayapel, Colombia |
| title_fullStr | Landscape Transformations (1987–2022): Analyzing Spatial Changes Driven by Mining Activities in Ayapel, Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Landscape Transformations (1987–2022): Analyzing Spatial Changes Driven by Mining Activities in Ayapel, Colombia |
| title_short | Landscape Transformations (1987–2022): Analyzing Spatial Changes Driven by Mining Activities in Ayapel, Colombia |
| title_sort | landscape transformations 1987 2022 analyzing spatial changes driven by mining activities in ayapel colombia |
| topic | land cover synchronous landscape evolution environmental degradation landscape units multitemporal analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/157 |
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