Systemic antiviral consumption in Kazakhstan

Abstract There is a lack of studies from low- and middle-income countries on systemic antiviral consumption (SAC). This study aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of nationwide antiviral consumption trends in Kazakhstan over a period of 7 years. The defined daily doses per 100...

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Main Authors: Yuliya Semenova, Assiya Kussainova, Laura Kassym, Ainur Aimurziyeva, Daniil Semenov, Larissa Makalkina, Nurgul Aldiyarova, Andrey Avdeyev, Lisa Lim
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05161-3
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author Yuliya Semenova
Assiya Kussainova
Laura Kassym
Ainur Aimurziyeva
Daniil Semenov
Larissa Makalkina
Nurgul Aldiyarova
Andrey Avdeyev
Lisa Lim
author_facet Yuliya Semenova
Assiya Kussainova
Laura Kassym
Ainur Aimurziyeva
Daniil Semenov
Larissa Makalkina
Nurgul Aldiyarova
Andrey Avdeyev
Lisa Lim
author_sort Yuliya Semenova
collection DOAJ
description Abstract There is a lack of studies from low- and middle-income countries on systemic antiviral consumption (SAC). This study aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of nationwide antiviral consumption trends in Kazakhstan over a period of 7 years. The defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day approach was utilized. Time series analyses were applied to analyze historical trends in SAC, evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, and make future projections until 2030. The total SAC increased over the study period, with an annual growth rate of 10.24%. Overall, the antivirals that exhibited the most substantial increases in consumption after 2020 were anti-herpes, anti-HBV/HCV, and anti-influenza agents. Predictive modeling indicated that future expenditures on antivirals will remain stable in the hospital sector, both in absolute terms and per million population (pmp) rates, but are likely to increase in the community sector, both in absolute terms and pmp rates. The study’s findings have important implications for public health policy and resource allocation.
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issn 2045-2322
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spelling doaj-art-6618d966dda84f43a10b0293d8caa4ab2025-08-20T03:03:40ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111210.1038/s41598-025-05161-3Systemic antiviral consumption in KazakhstanYuliya Semenova0Assiya Kussainova1Laura Kassym2Ainur Aimurziyeva3Daniil Semenov4Larissa Makalkina5Nurgul Aldiyarova6Andrey Avdeyev7Lisa Lim8School of Medicine, Nazarbayev UniversitySchool of Medicine, Nazarbayev UniversitySchool of Medicine, Nazarbayev UniversitySchool of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev UniversityAstana IT UniversityAstana Medical UniversityAstana Medical UniversityMedical Center Hospital of the President’s affairs Administration of the Republic of KazakhstanGraduate School of Public Policy, Nazarbayev UniversityAbstract There is a lack of studies from low- and middle-income countries on systemic antiviral consumption (SAC). This study aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of nationwide antiviral consumption trends in Kazakhstan over a period of 7 years. The defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day approach was utilized. Time series analyses were applied to analyze historical trends in SAC, evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, and make future projections until 2030. The total SAC increased over the study period, with an annual growth rate of 10.24%. Overall, the antivirals that exhibited the most substantial increases in consumption after 2020 were anti-herpes, anti-HBV/HCV, and anti-influenza agents. Predictive modeling indicated that future expenditures on antivirals will remain stable in the hospital sector, both in absolute terms and per million population (pmp) rates, but are likely to increase in the community sector, both in absolute terms and pmp rates. The study’s findings have important implications for public health policy and resource allocation.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05161-3Antiviral agentsConsumptionAntimicrobial stewardshipTime seriesKazakhstan
spellingShingle Yuliya Semenova
Assiya Kussainova
Laura Kassym
Ainur Aimurziyeva
Daniil Semenov
Larissa Makalkina
Nurgul Aldiyarova
Andrey Avdeyev
Lisa Lim
Systemic antiviral consumption in Kazakhstan
Scientific Reports
Antiviral agents
Consumption
Antimicrobial stewardship
Time series
Kazakhstan
title Systemic antiviral consumption in Kazakhstan
title_full Systemic antiviral consumption in Kazakhstan
title_fullStr Systemic antiviral consumption in Kazakhstan
title_full_unstemmed Systemic antiviral consumption in Kazakhstan
title_short Systemic antiviral consumption in Kazakhstan
title_sort systemic antiviral consumption in kazakhstan
topic Antiviral agents
Consumption
Antimicrobial stewardship
Time series
Kazakhstan
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05161-3
work_keys_str_mv AT yuliyasemenova systemicantiviralconsumptioninkazakhstan
AT assiyakussainova systemicantiviralconsumptioninkazakhstan
AT laurakassym systemicantiviralconsumptioninkazakhstan
AT ainuraimurziyeva systemicantiviralconsumptioninkazakhstan
AT daniilsemenov systemicantiviralconsumptioninkazakhstan
AT larissamakalkina systemicantiviralconsumptioninkazakhstan
AT nurgulaldiyarova systemicantiviralconsumptioninkazakhstan
AT andreyavdeyev systemicantiviralconsumptioninkazakhstan
AT lisalim systemicantiviralconsumptioninkazakhstan