Tumour-infiltrating immune cells as a novel prognostic model for bladder cancer

Abstract Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the tenth most commonly diagnosed cancer and poses a significant challenge due to its complexity and associated high morbidity and mortality rates in the absence of optimal treatment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is recognized as a critical factor in tumor initi...

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Main Authors: Can Liu, Chaoyu Liao, Bishao Sun, Zhen Guo, Sihao Chen, Shixue Liu, Xiaoyu Yuan, Zeyu Huang, Jingui Liu, Min Deng, Kui Wang, Ruixin Wu, Jiang Zhao, Xingyou Dong
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-05-01
Series:Discover Oncology
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-02292-x
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author Can Liu
Chaoyu Liao
Bishao Sun
Zhen Guo
Sihao Chen
Shixue Liu
Xiaoyu Yuan
Zeyu Huang
Jingui Liu
Min Deng
Kui Wang
Ruixin Wu
Jiang Zhao
Xingyou Dong
author_facet Can Liu
Chaoyu Liao
Bishao Sun
Zhen Guo
Sihao Chen
Shixue Liu
Xiaoyu Yuan
Zeyu Huang
Jingui Liu
Min Deng
Kui Wang
Ruixin Wu
Jiang Zhao
Xingyou Dong
author_sort Can Liu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the tenth most commonly diagnosed cancer and poses a significant challenge due to its complexity and associated high morbidity and mortality rates in the absence of optimal treatment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is recognized as a critical factor in tumor initiation, progression and therapeutic response, and offers numerous potential targets for intervention. A comprehensive understanding of immune infiltration patterns in BLCA is essential for the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. In this study, bioinformatics analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) between BLCA tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis were used to identify the top 10 hub genes with the most significant co-expression effects, and their potential relationship with patient prognosis was then predicted. The random survival forest (RSF) model was used to further identify six variables among the hub genes and establish a novel scoring system, defined as the tumor-infiltrating immune score (TIIS) to predict the prognosis of BLCA patients. In addition, the correlation analysis between TIIS and drug sensitivity was investigated using the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) and Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal (CTRP) databases. Patients with high TIIS were found to have a poor prognosis but may be more sensitive to Cisplatin and certain novel agents. This study provided a systematic analysis of immune cell infiltration in BLCA and established TIIS to predict patient prognosis and the efficacy of specific drugs in the treatment of BLCA.
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issn 2730-6011
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publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher Springer
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spelling doaj-art-661150fb3c6e4acab80a1bf4809e115f2025-08-20T02:25:15ZengSpringerDiscover Oncology2730-60112025-05-0116111810.1007/s12672-025-02292-xTumour-infiltrating immune cells as a novel prognostic model for bladder cancerCan Liu0Chaoyu Liao1Bishao Sun2Zhen Guo3Sihao Chen4Shixue Liu5Xiaoyu Yuan6Zeyu Huang7Jingui Liu8Min Deng9Kui Wang10Ruixin Wu11Jiang Zhao12Xingyou Dong13Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical UniversityDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical UniversityDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical UniversityUrology Department, Chongqing Shapingba Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing UniversityDepartment of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical UniversityUrology Department, Chongqing Shapingba Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing UniversityUrology Department, Chongqing Shapingba Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing UniversityDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical UniversityDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical UniversityDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical UniversityDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical UniversityDepartment of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical UniversityDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical UniversityUrology Department, Chongqing Shapingba Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing UniversityAbstract Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the tenth most commonly diagnosed cancer and poses a significant challenge due to its complexity and associated high morbidity and mortality rates in the absence of optimal treatment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is recognized as a critical factor in tumor initiation, progression and therapeutic response, and offers numerous potential targets for intervention. A comprehensive understanding of immune infiltration patterns in BLCA is essential for the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. In this study, bioinformatics analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) between BLCA tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis were used to identify the top 10 hub genes with the most significant co-expression effects, and their potential relationship with patient prognosis was then predicted. The random survival forest (RSF) model was used to further identify six variables among the hub genes and establish a novel scoring system, defined as the tumor-infiltrating immune score (TIIS) to predict the prognosis of BLCA patients. In addition, the correlation analysis between TIIS and drug sensitivity was investigated using the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) and Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal (CTRP) databases. Patients with high TIIS were found to have a poor prognosis but may be more sensitive to Cisplatin and certain novel agents. This study provided a systematic analysis of immune cell infiltration in BLCA and established TIIS to predict patient prognosis and the efficacy of specific drugs in the treatment of BLCA.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-02292-xBladder cancerSingle cell atlasImmune cell infiltrationDrug sensitivityTumor-infiltrating immune score
spellingShingle Can Liu
Chaoyu Liao
Bishao Sun
Zhen Guo
Sihao Chen
Shixue Liu
Xiaoyu Yuan
Zeyu Huang
Jingui Liu
Min Deng
Kui Wang
Ruixin Wu
Jiang Zhao
Xingyou Dong
Tumour-infiltrating immune cells as a novel prognostic model for bladder cancer
Discover Oncology
Bladder cancer
Single cell atlas
Immune cell infiltration
Drug sensitivity
Tumor-infiltrating immune score
title Tumour-infiltrating immune cells as a novel prognostic model for bladder cancer
title_full Tumour-infiltrating immune cells as a novel prognostic model for bladder cancer
title_fullStr Tumour-infiltrating immune cells as a novel prognostic model for bladder cancer
title_full_unstemmed Tumour-infiltrating immune cells as a novel prognostic model for bladder cancer
title_short Tumour-infiltrating immune cells as a novel prognostic model for bladder cancer
title_sort tumour infiltrating immune cells as a novel prognostic model for bladder cancer
topic Bladder cancer
Single cell atlas
Immune cell infiltration
Drug sensitivity
Tumor-infiltrating immune score
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-02292-x
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