Screening and quantification of inorganic anions in Shilajit and its supplements
Abstract Shilajit, a natural substance with ancient medicinal roots, is increasingly used in modern supplements for its purported health benefits. However, there is a lack of comprehensive chemical characterization, particularly regarding inorganic anions. This study addresses this gap by quantifyin...
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BMC
2025-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01473-7 |
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| author | Elham Kamgar Joanna Zembrzuska Wiktor Lorenc Massoud Kaykhaii |
| author_facet | Elham Kamgar Joanna Zembrzuska Wiktor Lorenc Massoud Kaykhaii |
| author_sort | Elham Kamgar |
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| description | Abstract Shilajit, a natural substance with ancient medicinal roots, is increasingly used in modern supplements for its purported health benefits. However, there is a lack of comprehensive chemical characterization, particularly regarding inorganic anions. This study addresses this gap by quantifying common inorganic anions in 14 raw Shilajit samples sourced from Iran, India, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia, as well as in 6 commercially available supplements from Poland, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan. Using ion chromatography, key anions including chloride, sulphate, nitrate, hydrogen phosphate, and fluoride were analyzed. Results revealed that chloride was the most prevalent anion, with concentrations ranging from 0.102 to 9.496 mg.g− 1 in raw Shilajit samples and up to 0.931 mg.g− 1 in supplements. Sulphate levels were significant, with concentrations up to 12.412 mg.g− 1 in raw Shilajit and 0.854 mg.g− 1 in supplements. Nitrate was detected in lower concentrations, peaking at 9.504 mg.g− 1 in raw Shilajit. Fluoride was quantifiable in only one sample at 0.064 mg.g− 1. The study concludes that Shilajit’s geographical origin significantly influences its anion composition, leading to variability in its potential health effects. These findings highlight the necessity for standardized formulations and stringent quality control measures in Shilajit supplement production to ensure consumer safety and product efficacy. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-660a39279f004b9fa61a7f9cbc85930f |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2661-801X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-660a39279f004b9fa61a7f9cbc85930f2025-08-20T03:18:34ZengBMCBMC Chemistry2661-801X2025-04-011911910.1186/s13065-025-01473-7Screening and quantification of inorganic anions in Shilajit and its supplementsElham Kamgar0Joanna Zembrzuska1Wiktor Lorenc2Massoud Kaykhaii3Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of TechnologyDepartment of General and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of TechnologyMetrohm Poland Sp. z o.oDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and BaluchestanAbstract Shilajit, a natural substance with ancient medicinal roots, is increasingly used in modern supplements for its purported health benefits. However, there is a lack of comprehensive chemical characterization, particularly regarding inorganic anions. This study addresses this gap by quantifying common inorganic anions in 14 raw Shilajit samples sourced from Iran, India, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia, as well as in 6 commercially available supplements from Poland, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan. Using ion chromatography, key anions including chloride, sulphate, nitrate, hydrogen phosphate, and fluoride were analyzed. Results revealed that chloride was the most prevalent anion, with concentrations ranging from 0.102 to 9.496 mg.g− 1 in raw Shilajit samples and up to 0.931 mg.g− 1 in supplements. Sulphate levels were significant, with concentrations up to 12.412 mg.g− 1 in raw Shilajit and 0.854 mg.g− 1 in supplements. Nitrate was detected in lower concentrations, peaking at 9.504 mg.g− 1 in raw Shilajit. Fluoride was quantifiable in only one sample at 0.064 mg.g− 1. The study concludes that Shilajit’s geographical origin significantly influences its anion composition, leading to variability in its potential health effects. These findings highlight the necessity for standardized formulations and stringent quality control measures in Shilajit supplement production to ensure consumer safety and product efficacy.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01473-7ShilajitIon chromatographyInorganic anionsNatural productHealth supplements |
| spellingShingle | Elham Kamgar Joanna Zembrzuska Wiktor Lorenc Massoud Kaykhaii Screening and quantification of inorganic anions in Shilajit and its supplements BMC Chemistry Shilajit Ion chromatography Inorganic anions Natural product Health supplements |
| title | Screening and quantification of inorganic anions in Shilajit and its supplements |
| title_full | Screening and quantification of inorganic anions in Shilajit and its supplements |
| title_fullStr | Screening and quantification of inorganic anions in Shilajit and its supplements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Screening and quantification of inorganic anions in Shilajit and its supplements |
| title_short | Screening and quantification of inorganic anions in Shilajit and its supplements |
| title_sort | screening and quantification of inorganic anions in shilajit and its supplements |
| topic | Shilajit Ion chromatography Inorganic anions Natural product Health supplements |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01473-7 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT elhamkamgar screeningandquantificationofinorganicanionsinshilajitanditssupplements AT joannazembrzuska screeningandquantificationofinorganicanionsinshilajitanditssupplements AT wiktorlorenc screeningandquantificationofinorganicanionsinshilajitanditssupplements AT massoudkaykhaii screeningandquantificationofinorganicanionsinshilajitanditssupplements |