Single-quantum sodium MRI at 3 T for separation of mono- and bi-T2 sodium signals

Abstract Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is highly sensitive to cellular ionic balance due to tenfold difference in sodium concentration across membranes, actively maintained by the sodium–potassium (Na+-K+) pump. Disruptions in this pump or membrane integrity, as seen in neurological disord...

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Main Authors: Yongxian Qian, Ying-Chia Lin, Xingye Chen, Yulin Ge, Yvonne W. Lui, Fernando E. Boada
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07800-1
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author Yongxian Qian
Ying-Chia Lin
Xingye Chen
Yulin Ge
Yvonne W. Lui
Fernando E. Boada
author_facet Yongxian Qian
Ying-Chia Lin
Xingye Chen
Yulin Ge
Yvonne W. Lui
Fernando E. Boada
author_sort Yongxian Qian
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is highly sensitive to cellular ionic balance due to tenfold difference in sodium concentration across membranes, actively maintained by the sodium–potassium (Na+-K+) pump. Disruptions in this pump or membrane integrity, as seen in neurological disorders like epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, bipolar disease, and mild traumatic brain injury, lead to increased intracellular sodium. However, this cellular-level alteration is often masked by the dominant extracellular sodium signal, making it challenging to distinguish sodium populations with mono- vs. bi-exponential transverse (T2) decays—especially given the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) even at an advanced clinical field of 3 Tesla. Here, we propose a novel technique that leverages intrinsic difference in T2 decays by acquiring single-quantum images at multiple echo times (TEs) and applying voxel-wise matrix inversion for accurate signal separation. Using numerical models, agar phantoms, and human subjects, we achieved high separation accuracy in phantoms (95.8% for mono-T2 and 72.5–80.4% for bi-T2) and demonstrated clinical feasibility in humans. This approach may enable early detection of neurological disorders and early assessment of treatment responses at the cellular level using sodium MRI at 3 T.
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publishDate 2025-07-01
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spelling doaj-art-6588acca7d544e248d1ccf55711c2d962025-08-20T04:03:02ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111410.1038/s41598-025-07800-1Single-quantum sodium MRI at 3 T for separation of mono- and bi-T2 sodium signalsYongxian Qian0Ying-Chia Lin1Xingye Chen2Yulin Ge3Yvonne W. Lui4Fernando E. Boada5Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineBernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineBernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineBernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineBernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineBernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineAbstract Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is highly sensitive to cellular ionic balance due to tenfold difference in sodium concentration across membranes, actively maintained by the sodium–potassium (Na+-K+) pump. Disruptions in this pump or membrane integrity, as seen in neurological disorders like epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, bipolar disease, and mild traumatic brain injury, lead to increased intracellular sodium. However, this cellular-level alteration is often masked by the dominant extracellular sodium signal, making it challenging to distinguish sodium populations with mono- vs. bi-exponential transverse (T2) decays—especially given the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) even at an advanced clinical field of 3 Tesla. Here, we propose a novel technique that leverages intrinsic difference in T2 decays by acquiring single-quantum images at multiple echo times (TEs) and applying voxel-wise matrix inversion for accurate signal separation. Using numerical models, agar phantoms, and human subjects, we achieved high separation accuracy in phantoms (95.8% for mono-T2 and 72.5–80.4% for bi-T2) and demonstrated clinical feasibility in humans. This approach may enable early detection of neurological disorders and early assessment of treatment responses at the cellular level using sodium MRI at 3 T.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07800-1
spellingShingle Yongxian Qian
Ying-Chia Lin
Xingye Chen
Yulin Ge
Yvonne W. Lui
Fernando E. Boada
Single-quantum sodium MRI at 3 T for separation of mono- and bi-T2 sodium signals
Scientific Reports
title Single-quantum sodium MRI at 3 T for separation of mono- and bi-T2 sodium signals
title_full Single-quantum sodium MRI at 3 T for separation of mono- and bi-T2 sodium signals
title_fullStr Single-quantum sodium MRI at 3 T for separation of mono- and bi-T2 sodium signals
title_full_unstemmed Single-quantum sodium MRI at 3 T for separation of mono- and bi-T2 sodium signals
title_short Single-quantum sodium MRI at 3 T for separation of mono- and bi-T2 sodium signals
title_sort single quantum sodium mri at 3 t for separation of mono and bi t2 sodium signals
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07800-1
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