Evaluating the impact of ECA policy on sulfur emissions from the five busiest ports in America based on difference in difference model
With the accelerated growth of global trade, the shipping industry has experienced substantial expansion due to its reliability and cost-effectiveness in facilitating globalization. However, the environmental consequences of this rapid development, particularly pollution emissions, have garnered inc...
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| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1609261/full |
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| author | Guangnian Xiao Caleb Amamoo-Otoo Tian Wang Qingjun Li Salvatore Antonio Biancardo |
| author_facet | Guangnian Xiao Caleb Amamoo-Otoo Tian Wang Qingjun Li Salvatore Antonio Biancardo |
| author_sort | Guangnian Xiao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With the accelerated growth of global trade, the shipping industry has experienced substantial expansion due to its reliability and cost-effectiveness in facilitating globalization. However, the environmental consequences of this rapid development, particularly pollution emissions, have garnered increasing attention. Sulfur dioxide has drawn more attention than other shipping pollutants due to its serious negative effects on health. America has three delimited emission control areas to limit sulfur emissions from ships and to enhance the quality of air in America’s coastal areas. This paper uses the difference in difference (DID) model to assess the sulfur emissions in the five busiest ports in America and check whether the emission control area (ECA) policy has a positive significant effect in decreasing the sulfur dioxide emission in the five busiest ports in America. The variables used for this study are sulfur emissions, gross domestic products, imports, exports, inflation rate as well as throughput for each of the five ports. The research results indicate that sulfur emission policies have no significant positive impact on ports other than the Port of Los Angeles, as many regulations have been developed to reduce the adverse effects of ship pollution emissions before the implementation of sulfur regulations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6538c4c87fa843de9eb5cb25c09f0cd5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-6538c4c87fa843de9eb5cb25c09f0cd52025-08-20T02:56:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452025-08-011210.3389/fmars.2025.16092611609261Evaluating the impact of ECA policy on sulfur emissions from the five busiest ports in America based on difference in difference modelGuangnian Xiao0Caleb Amamoo-Otoo1Tian Wang2Qingjun Li3Salvatore Antonio Biancardo4School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, ChinaInstitute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, ChinaInstitute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Tianrui Maglev Industry, Weifang University, Weifang, Shandong, ChinaSchool of Polytechnic & Basic Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyWith the accelerated growth of global trade, the shipping industry has experienced substantial expansion due to its reliability and cost-effectiveness in facilitating globalization. However, the environmental consequences of this rapid development, particularly pollution emissions, have garnered increasing attention. Sulfur dioxide has drawn more attention than other shipping pollutants due to its serious negative effects on health. America has three delimited emission control areas to limit sulfur emissions from ships and to enhance the quality of air in America’s coastal areas. This paper uses the difference in difference (DID) model to assess the sulfur emissions in the five busiest ports in America and check whether the emission control area (ECA) policy has a positive significant effect in decreasing the sulfur dioxide emission in the five busiest ports in America. The variables used for this study are sulfur emissions, gross domestic products, imports, exports, inflation rate as well as throughput for each of the five ports. The research results indicate that sulfur emission policies have no significant positive impact on ports other than the Port of Los Angeles, as many regulations have been developed to reduce the adverse effects of ship pollution emissions before the implementation of sulfur regulations.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1609261/fullship emissionssulfur emissionsemission control areadifference in difference modelport |
| spellingShingle | Guangnian Xiao Caleb Amamoo-Otoo Tian Wang Qingjun Li Salvatore Antonio Biancardo Evaluating the impact of ECA policy on sulfur emissions from the five busiest ports in America based on difference in difference model Frontiers in Marine Science ship emissions sulfur emissions emission control area difference in difference model port |
| title | Evaluating the impact of ECA policy on sulfur emissions from the five busiest ports in America based on difference in difference model |
| title_full | Evaluating the impact of ECA policy on sulfur emissions from the five busiest ports in America based on difference in difference model |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating the impact of ECA policy on sulfur emissions from the five busiest ports in America based on difference in difference model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the impact of ECA policy on sulfur emissions from the five busiest ports in America based on difference in difference model |
| title_short | Evaluating the impact of ECA policy on sulfur emissions from the five busiest ports in America based on difference in difference model |
| title_sort | evaluating the impact of eca policy on sulfur emissions from the five busiest ports in america based on difference in difference model |
| topic | ship emissions sulfur emissions emission control area difference in difference model port |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1609261/full |
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