Voluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia enhances wingate test performance without altering energy system contributions
Abstract High-intensity exercise challenges acid-base homeostasis, often limiting performance due to hydrogen ion (H⁺) accumulation. This study investigated the effects of voluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia (a state of reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood) on Wingate test performanc...
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| Format: | Article |
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BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01217-z |
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| author | Hasan Hüseyin Yılmaz Süleyman Ulupınar Fatih Kıyıcı Necip Fazıl Kishalı Cebrail Gençoğlu Serhat Özbay Çağrı Çiydem |
| author_facet | Hasan Hüseyin Yılmaz Süleyman Ulupınar Fatih Kıyıcı Necip Fazıl Kishalı Cebrail Gençoğlu Serhat Özbay Çağrı Çiydem |
| author_sort | Hasan Hüseyin Yılmaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract High-intensity exercise challenges acid-base homeostasis, often limiting performance due to hydrogen ion (H⁺) accumulation. This study investigated the effects of voluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia (a state of reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood) on Wingate test performance and energy system contributions in team sport athletes. Seventeen male athletes performed 30-second Wingate tests under control and hyperventilation conditions, separated by 2–3 days. Hyperventilation involved 5 min of controlled breathing with a tidal volume of 1000 mL and a respiratory frequency of 30 breaths·min⁻¹ to induce hypocapnia before the test. Performance metrics (peak and mean power), energy system contributions (oxidative, glycolytic, ATP-PCr), and blood lactate accumulation (Δ[BLa⁻]) were assessed using breath-by-breath gas analysis and capillary blood samples. Paired t-tests revealed that hyperventilation significantly increased relative peak power (12.7 ± 1.55 vs. 11.9 ± 1.05 W·kg⁻¹, p = 0.007) and mean power (9.0 ± 0.65 vs. 8.6 ± 0.67 W·kg⁻¹, p = 0.005) compared to control. However, no differences were observed in energy system contributions (oxidative: 20.1 ± 3.9% vs. 20.4 ± 2.3%; glycolytic: 41.1 ± 4.7% vs. 41.4 ± 3.7%; ATP-PCr: 38.9 ± 5.5% vs. 38.4 ± 4.2%), total energy expenditure, or Δ[BLa⁻] (12.6 ± 1.9 vs. 12.8 ± 1.2 mmol·L⁻¹). These findings suggest that hyperventilation enhances anaerobic performance without altering energy metabolism, potentially through improved buffering capacity, neuromuscular activation, or oxygen redistribution. All values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). This endogenous strategy offers a practical approach to optimize short-duration, high-intensity efforts, though further research is needed to refine its application across varied protocols and populations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-64ddabf31c3b4b5ba2cd7b7519334761 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2052-1847 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation |
| spelling | doaj-art-64ddabf31c3b4b5ba2cd7b75193347612025-08-20T03:37:38ZengBMCBMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation2052-18472025-07-011711910.1186/s13102-025-01217-zVoluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia enhances wingate test performance without altering energy system contributionsHasan Hüseyin Yılmaz0Süleyman Ulupınar1Fatih Kıyıcı2Necip Fazıl Kishalı3Cebrail Gençoğlu4Serhat Özbay5Çağrı Çiydem6Faculty of Sports Sciences, Atatürk UniversityFaculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical UniversityFaculty of Sports Sciences, Atatürk UniversityFaculty of Sports Sciences, Atatürk UniversityFaculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical UniversityFaculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical UniversityFaculty of Sports Sciences, Atatürk UniversityAbstract High-intensity exercise challenges acid-base homeostasis, often limiting performance due to hydrogen ion (H⁺) accumulation. This study investigated the effects of voluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia (a state of reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood) on Wingate test performance and energy system contributions in team sport athletes. Seventeen male athletes performed 30-second Wingate tests under control and hyperventilation conditions, separated by 2–3 days. Hyperventilation involved 5 min of controlled breathing with a tidal volume of 1000 mL and a respiratory frequency of 30 breaths·min⁻¹ to induce hypocapnia before the test. Performance metrics (peak and mean power), energy system contributions (oxidative, glycolytic, ATP-PCr), and blood lactate accumulation (Δ[BLa⁻]) were assessed using breath-by-breath gas analysis and capillary blood samples. Paired t-tests revealed that hyperventilation significantly increased relative peak power (12.7 ± 1.55 vs. 11.9 ± 1.05 W·kg⁻¹, p = 0.007) and mean power (9.0 ± 0.65 vs. 8.6 ± 0.67 W·kg⁻¹, p = 0.005) compared to control. However, no differences were observed in energy system contributions (oxidative: 20.1 ± 3.9% vs. 20.4 ± 2.3%; glycolytic: 41.1 ± 4.7% vs. 41.4 ± 3.7%; ATP-PCr: 38.9 ± 5.5% vs. 38.4 ± 4.2%), total energy expenditure, or Δ[BLa⁻] (12.6 ± 1.9 vs. 12.8 ± 1.2 mmol·L⁻¹). These findings suggest that hyperventilation enhances anaerobic performance without altering energy metabolism, potentially through improved buffering capacity, neuromuscular activation, or oxygen redistribution. All values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). This endogenous strategy offers a practical approach to optimize short-duration, high-intensity efforts, though further research is needed to refine its application across varied protocols and populations.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01217-zAnaerobic performanceRespiratory alkalosisAcid-base regulationEnergy system partitioningWingate testNeuromuscular activation |
| spellingShingle | Hasan Hüseyin Yılmaz Süleyman Ulupınar Fatih Kıyıcı Necip Fazıl Kishalı Cebrail Gençoğlu Serhat Özbay Çağrı Çiydem Voluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia enhances wingate test performance without altering energy system contributions BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation Anaerobic performance Respiratory alkalosis Acid-base regulation Energy system partitioning Wingate test Neuromuscular activation |
| title | Voluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia enhances wingate test performance without altering energy system contributions |
| title_full | Voluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia enhances wingate test performance without altering energy system contributions |
| title_fullStr | Voluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia enhances wingate test performance without altering energy system contributions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Voluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia enhances wingate test performance without altering energy system contributions |
| title_short | Voluntary hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia enhances wingate test performance without altering energy system contributions |
| title_sort | voluntary hyperventilation induced hypocapnia enhances wingate test performance without altering energy system contributions |
| topic | Anaerobic performance Respiratory alkalosis Acid-base regulation Energy system partitioning Wingate test Neuromuscular activation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01217-z |
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