Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms
Abstract The innate immune system is the host’s initial response to eliminate pathogens and repair tissue damage. Innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize microbial structures and stress-induced molecules released from dead o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Biomedical Science |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-025-01151-9 |
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| author | You-Sheng Lin Yung-Chi Chang Tzu-Yu Pu Tsung-Hsien Chuang Li-Chung Hsu |
| author_facet | You-Sheng Lin Yung-Chi Chang Tzu-Yu Pu Tsung-Hsien Chuang Li-Chung Hsu |
| author_sort | You-Sheng Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The innate immune system is the host’s initial response to eliminate pathogens and repair tissue damage. Innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize microbial structures and stress-induced molecules released from dead or damaged cells, thereby initiating immune responses. Among PRRs, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-studied and are located either on the cell surface or in endosomal compartments. Most endosomal TLRs specifically recognize nucleic acids and are thus referred to as nucleic acid (NA)-sensing TLRs. Upon activation, these receptors induce the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons and initiate subsequent adaptive immunity. These immune responses work to suppress pathogens and inhibit tumor growth. However, excessive cytokine and interferon production can lead to various inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on mammalian nucleic acid-sensing TLRs, summarizing the molecular regulation of their activations, the impact of their dysregulation on human diseases, and therapeutic strategies that target these TLRs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-64c14c91ffbc494d93808db7e2e4e1b2 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1423-0127 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Biomedical Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-64c14c91ffbc494d93808db7e2e4e1b22025-08-20T02:07:41ZengBMCJournal of Biomedical Science1423-01272025-06-0132112810.1186/s12929-025-01151-9Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanismsYou-Sheng Lin0Yung-Chi Chang1Tzu-Yu Pu2Tsung-Hsien Chuang3Li-Chung Hsu4Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityInstitute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityInstitute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityCardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationInstitute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityAbstract The innate immune system is the host’s initial response to eliminate pathogens and repair tissue damage. Innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize microbial structures and stress-induced molecules released from dead or damaged cells, thereby initiating immune responses. Among PRRs, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-studied and are located either on the cell surface or in endosomal compartments. Most endosomal TLRs specifically recognize nucleic acids and are thus referred to as nucleic acid (NA)-sensing TLRs. Upon activation, these receptors induce the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons and initiate subsequent adaptive immunity. These immune responses work to suppress pathogens and inhibit tumor growth. However, excessive cytokine and interferon production can lead to various inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on mammalian nucleic acid-sensing TLRs, summarizing the molecular regulation of their activations, the impact of their dysregulation on human diseases, and therapeutic strategies that target these TLRs.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-025-01151-9Toll-like receptorsNucleic acid-sensingHuman disease |
| spellingShingle | You-Sheng Lin Yung-Chi Chang Tzu-Yu Pu Tsung-Hsien Chuang Li-Chung Hsu Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms Journal of Biomedical Science Toll-like receptors Nucleic acid-sensing Human disease |
| title | Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms |
| title_full | Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms |
| title_fullStr | Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms |
| title_short | Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms |
| title_sort | involvement of nucleic acid sensing toll like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms |
| topic | Toll-like receptors Nucleic acid-sensing Human disease |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-025-01151-9 |
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