Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan

This study aimed to evaluate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by an inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) during the 2019/2020 influenza season in Japan. We collected blood samples from 25 healthy adults before vaccination, 2 weeks post-vaccination, and 5 months post-vaccination...

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Main Authors: Naruhito Otani, Toshiomi Okuno, Kumiko Yamada, Toshie Tsuchida, Kaori Ishikawa, Kaoru Ichiki, Takashi Ueda, Yoshio Takesue, Satoshi Higasa, Kazuhiko Nakajima
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Viruses
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/5/626
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author Naruhito Otani
Toshiomi Okuno
Kumiko Yamada
Toshie Tsuchida
Kaori Ishikawa
Kaoru Ichiki
Takashi Ueda
Yoshio Takesue
Satoshi Higasa
Kazuhiko Nakajima
author_facet Naruhito Otani
Toshiomi Okuno
Kumiko Yamada
Toshie Tsuchida
Kaori Ishikawa
Kaoru Ichiki
Takashi Ueda
Yoshio Takesue
Satoshi Higasa
Kazuhiko Nakajima
author_sort Naruhito Otani
collection DOAJ
description This study aimed to evaluate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by an inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) during the 2019/2020 influenza season in Japan. We collected blood samples from 25 healthy adults before vaccination, 2 weeks post-vaccination, and 5 months post-vaccination. Humoral and cell-mediated immunities were assessed based on hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels, respectively. The geometric mean titer ratio for A/H3N2 exceeded 2.5, meeting the criteria outlined by the European Medicines Agency guidelines; other strains did not achieve similar thresholds. IFN-γ responses indicated significant activation for all strains, with 32–36% of participants exhibiting ≥ 1.5-fold increases. Due to the implementation of infection control measures against COVID-19, influenza activity was not observed during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons, potentially altering influenza immunity. Our findings highlight the importance of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in evaluating vaccine immunogenicity.
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publisher MDPI AG
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series Viruses
spelling doaj-art-64b9f88f23d84367afc0d9ea48da88f12025-08-20T03:12:11ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-04-0117562610.3390/v17050626Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 JapanNaruhito Otani0Toshiomi Okuno1Kumiko Yamada2Toshie Tsuchida3Kaori Ishikawa4Kaoru Ichiki5Takashi Ueda6Yoshio Takesue7Satoshi Higasa8Kazuhiko Nakajima9Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Respiratory Medicine and Hematology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanThis study aimed to evaluate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by an inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) during the 2019/2020 influenza season in Japan. We collected blood samples from 25 healthy adults before vaccination, 2 weeks post-vaccination, and 5 months post-vaccination. Humoral and cell-mediated immunities were assessed based on hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels, respectively. The geometric mean titer ratio for A/H3N2 exceeded 2.5, meeting the criteria outlined by the European Medicines Agency guidelines; other strains did not achieve similar thresholds. IFN-γ responses indicated significant activation for all strains, with 32–36% of participants exhibiting ≥ 1.5-fold increases. Due to the implementation of infection control measures against COVID-19, influenza activity was not observed during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons, potentially altering influenza immunity. Our findings highlight the importance of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in evaluating vaccine immunogenicity.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/5/626influenzavaccinecell-mediated immunityIFN-γhemagglutination inhibition
spellingShingle Naruhito Otani
Toshiomi Okuno
Kumiko Yamada
Toshie Tsuchida
Kaori Ishikawa
Kaoru Ichiki
Takashi Ueda
Yoshio Takesue
Satoshi Higasa
Kazuhiko Nakajima
Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan
Viruses
influenza
vaccine
cell-mediated immunity
IFN-γ
hemagglutination inhibition
title Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan
title_full Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan
title_fullStr Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan
title_short Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan
title_sort evaluation of humoral and cell mediated immunity induced by quadrivalent influenza vaccine in pre covid 19 japan
topic influenza
vaccine
cell-mediated immunity
IFN-γ
hemagglutination inhibition
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/5/626
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