Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan
This study aimed to evaluate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by an inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) during the 2019/2020 influenza season in Japan. We collected blood samples from 25 healthy adults before vaccination, 2 weeks post-vaccination, and 5 months post-vaccination...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/5/626 |
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| author | Naruhito Otani Toshiomi Okuno Kumiko Yamada Toshie Tsuchida Kaori Ishikawa Kaoru Ichiki Takashi Ueda Yoshio Takesue Satoshi Higasa Kazuhiko Nakajima |
| author_facet | Naruhito Otani Toshiomi Okuno Kumiko Yamada Toshie Tsuchida Kaori Ishikawa Kaoru Ichiki Takashi Ueda Yoshio Takesue Satoshi Higasa Kazuhiko Nakajima |
| author_sort | Naruhito Otani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to evaluate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by an inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) during the 2019/2020 influenza season in Japan. We collected blood samples from 25 healthy adults before vaccination, 2 weeks post-vaccination, and 5 months post-vaccination. Humoral and cell-mediated immunities were assessed based on hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels, respectively. The geometric mean titer ratio for A/H3N2 exceeded 2.5, meeting the criteria outlined by the European Medicines Agency guidelines; other strains did not achieve similar thresholds. IFN-γ responses indicated significant activation for all strains, with 32–36% of participants exhibiting ≥ 1.5-fold increases. Due to the implementation of infection control measures against COVID-19, influenza activity was not observed during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons, potentially altering influenza immunity. Our findings highlight the importance of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in evaluating vaccine immunogenicity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-64b9f88f23d84367afc0d9ea48da88f1 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj-art-64b9f88f23d84367afc0d9ea48da88f12025-08-20T03:12:11ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-04-0117562610.3390/v17050626Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 JapanNaruhito Otani0Toshiomi Okuno1Kumiko Yamada2Toshie Tsuchida3Kaori Ishikawa4Kaoru Ichiki5Takashi Ueda6Yoshio Takesue7Satoshi Higasa8Kazuhiko Nakajima9Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Respiratory Medicine and Hematology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanDepartment of Public Health, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, JapanThis study aimed to evaluate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by an inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) during the 2019/2020 influenza season in Japan. We collected blood samples from 25 healthy adults before vaccination, 2 weeks post-vaccination, and 5 months post-vaccination. Humoral and cell-mediated immunities were assessed based on hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels, respectively. The geometric mean titer ratio for A/H3N2 exceeded 2.5, meeting the criteria outlined by the European Medicines Agency guidelines; other strains did not achieve similar thresholds. IFN-γ responses indicated significant activation for all strains, with 32–36% of participants exhibiting ≥ 1.5-fold increases. Due to the implementation of infection control measures against COVID-19, influenza activity was not observed during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons, potentially altering influenza immunity. Our findings highlight the importance of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in evaluating vaccine immunogenicity.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/5/626influenzavaccinecell-mediated immunityIFN-γhemagglutination inhibition |
| spellingShingle | Naruhito Otani Toshiomi Okuno Kumiko Yamada Toshie Tsuchida Kaori Ishikawa Kaoru Ichiki Takashi Ueda Yoshio Takesue Satoshi Higasa Kazuhiko Nakajima Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan Viruses influenza vaccine cell-mediated immunity IFN-γ hemagglutination inhibition |
| title | Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan |
| title_full | Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan |
| title_short | Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Pre-COVID-19 Japan |
| title_sort | evaluation of humoral and cell mediated immunity induced by quadrivalent influenza vaccine in pre covid 19 japan |
| topic | influenza vaccine cell-mediated immunity IFN-γ hemagglutination inhibition |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/5/626 |
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