Emperor Julian, Paul of Tarsus, and the Octopus

The so-called “octopus norm” was originally described by Pindar and Theognis. It represented the way in which a poet could adapt to contingent circumstances without abdicating his own sensibility, grasping what might be appropriate to say or not to say in relation to a specific audience or context....

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Main Author: Alessandro Capone
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Religions
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/6/802
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author Alessandro Capone
author_facet Alessandro Capone
author_sort Alessandro Capone
collection DOAJ
description The so-called “octopus norm” was originally described by Pindar and Theognis. It represented the way in which a poet could adapt to contingent circumstances without abdicating his own sensibility, grasping what might be appropriate to say or not to say in relation to a specific audience or context. This contribution considers two occurrences of this so-called norm in the works of the Emperor Julian, revealing a polemical use of the image of the octopus. This study primarily attempts to contextualize the two Julian passages, highlighting their sources, and to clarify the polemical value of his use of the “octopus norm”, which is very different from the virtuous manner suggested by the archaic poets.
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spelling doaj-art-64b5f65bcdb946fbaef41dd01853cacc2025-08-20T02:21:47ZengMDPI AGReligions2077-14442025-06-0116680210.3390/rel16060802Emperor Julian, Paul of Tarsus, and the OctopusAlessandro Capone0Department of Humanities, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, ItalyThe so-called “octopus norm” was originally described by Pindar and Theognis. It represented the way in which a poet could adapt to contingent circumstances without abdicating his own sensibility, grasping what might be appropriate to say or not to say in relation to a specific audience or context. This contribution considers two occurrences of this so-called norm in the works of the Emperor Julian, revealing a polemical use of the image of the octopus. This study primarily attempts to contextualize the two Julian passages, highlighting their sources, and to clarify the polemical value of his use of the “octopus norm”, which is very different from the virtuous manner suggested by the archaic poets.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/6/802octopus normPindarTheognisEmperor JulianPaul of Tarsuspolemic
spellingShingle Alessandro Capone
Emperor Julian, Paul of Tarsus, and the Octopus
Religions
octopus norm
Pindar
Theognis
Emperor Julian
Paul of Tarsus
polemic
title Emperor Julian, Paul of Tarsus, and the Octopus
title_full Emperor Julian, Paul of Tarsus, and the Octopus
title_fullStr Emperor Julian, Paul of Tarsus, and the Octopus
title_full_unstemmed Emperor Julian, Paul of Tarsus, and the Octopus
title_short Emperor Julian, Paul of Tarsus, and the Octopus
title_sort emperor julian paul of tarsus and the octopus
topic octopus norm
Pindar
Theognis
Emperor Julian
Paul of Tarsus
polemic
url https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/6/802
work_keys_str_mv AT alessandrocapone emperorjulianpauloftarsusandtheoctopus