Cognitive flexibility is associated with the age of onset and duration among patients with type 1 diabetes

Abstract Cognitive impairment is a recognized risk in patients with type 1 diabetes, yet its contributing factors and overall impact remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to explore the relationships between specific cognitive functions—namely memory, attention, and cognitive flexibilit...

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Main Authors: Ding Mojun, Yuan Dongling, He Jing, Zou Wenjing, Li Xia, Li Chuting, Zhu Xiongzhao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99678-2
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author Ding Mojun
Yuan Dongling
He Jing
Zou Wenjing
Li Xia
Li Chuting
Zhu Xiongzhao
author_facet Ding Mojun
Yuan Dongling
He Jing
Zou Wenjing
Li Xia
Li Chuting
Zhu Xiongzhao
author_sort Ding Mojun
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Cognitive impairment is a recognized risk in patients with type 1 diabetes, yet its contributing factors and overall impact remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to explore the relationships between specific cognitive functions—namely memory, attention, and cognitive flexibility—and clinical characteristics, including age of onset and diabetes duration, as well as glycemic factors, such as glycemic control and extreme glycemic events, in a cohort of 331 patients with type 1 diabetes. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Sustained Attention to Response Task. Network analysis revealed that age of onset and diabetes duration were central nodes in the network, strongly influencing cognitive flexibility. Additionally, age of onset was associated with a history of severe hypoglycemia, while diabetes duration was linked to visual memory decline. Significant differences were observed between the network structures of the adult-onset and childhood-onset groups, with the childhood-onset group showing greater interconnectedness. These findings emphasize the critical impact of age of onset and disease duration on cognitive outcomes in type 1 diabetes. Longitudinal studies are needed to further understand these relationships and guide targeted interventions to preserve cognitive function.
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issn 2045-2322
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spelling doaj-art-647e86779f2d41e98c66cd533000bf4f2025-08-20T04:02:45ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-99678-2Cognitive flexibility is associated with the age of onset and duration among patients with type 1 diabetesDing Mojun0Yuan Dongling1He Jing2Zou Wenjing3Li Xia4Li Chuting5Zhu Xiongzhao6Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityMedical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityDepartment of Psychology, Hunan First Normal UniversityDepartment of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityMedical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityMedical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityAbstract Cognitive impairment is a recognized risk in patients with type 1 diabetes, yet its contributing factors and overall impact remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to explore the relationships between specific cognitive functions—namely memory, attention, and cognitive flexibility—and clinical characteristics, including age of onset and diabetes duration, as well as glycemic factors, such as glycemic control and extreme glycemic events, in a cohort of 331 patients with type 1 diabetes. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Sustained Attention to Response Task. Network analysis revealed that age of onset and diabetes duration were central nodes in the network, strongly influencing cognitive flexibility. Additionally, age of onset was associated with a history of severe hypoglycemia, while diabetes duration was linked to visual memory decline. Significant differences were observed between the network structures of the adult-onset and childhood-onset groups, with the childhood-onset group showing greater interconnectedness. These findings emphasize the critical impact of age of onset and disease duration on cognitive outcomes in type 1 diabetes. Longitudinal studies are needed to further understand these relationships and guide targeted interventions to preserve cognitive function.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99678-2Type 1 diabetesCognitive functionAge of diabetes onsetDurationGlycemic fluctuation
spellingShingle Ding Mojun
Yuan Dongling
He Jing
Zou Wenjing
Li Xia
Li Chuting
Zhu Xiongzhao
Cognitive flexibility is associated with the age of onset and duration among patients with type 1 diabetes
Scientific Reports
Type 1 diabetes
Cognitive function
Age of diabetes onset
Duration
Glycemic fluctuation
title Cognitive flexibility is associated with the age of onset and duration among patients with type 1 diabetes
title_full Cognitive flexibility is associated with the age of onset and duration among patients with type 1 diabetes
title_fullStr Cognitive flexibility is associated with the age of onset and duration among patients with type 1 diabetes
title_full_unstemmed Cognitive flexibility is associated with the age of onset and duration among patients with type 1 diabetes
title_short Cognitive flexibility is associated with the age of onset and duration among patients with type 1 diabetes
title_sort cognitive flexibility is associated with the age of onset and duration among patients with type 1 diabetes
topic Type 1 diabetes
Cognitive function
Age of diabetes onset
Duration
Glycemic fluctuation
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99678-2
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