Chromium and Cadmium Assessment in Selected Rice Varieties Under Various Irrigation Sources
Background: Toxic metal accumulation in food crops poses significant public health risks. In particular, chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in rice crops can lead to human exposure through dietary intake, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and assessment. Objective: This study...
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Jinnah University for Women
2025-08-01
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| Series: | RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.jbas.juw.edu.pk/index.php/JBAS/article/view/705 |
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| author | Mehwish Aslam Zafar Iqbal Kafeel Ahmad Faiza Zubair Naila Riaz Asma Ashfaq Ijaz Rasool Noorka Muhammad Irfan Ashraf Saif Ullah |
| author_facet | Mehwish Aslam Zafar Iqbal Kafeel Ahmad Faiza Zubair Naila Riaz Asma Ashfaq Ijaz Rasool Noorka Muhammad Irfan Ashraf Saif Ullah |
| author_sort | Mehwish Aslam |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Background: Toxic metal accumulation in food crops poses significant public health risks. In particular, chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in rice crops can lead to human exposure through dietary intake, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and assessment.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of chromium and cadmium in four rice varieties-Super Kernel, Kainat, Basmati, and Irri 6-cultivated in Sargodha, Pakistan, and to assess potential health risks among different age groups in the local population.
Main Outcome: The main outcome of the study measures the Cr and Cd concentrations in soil, rice, and serum samples were measured, revealing a predominance of Cd contamination relative to Cr. Super Kernel and Kainat rice varieties exhibited the highest uptake of Cd and Cr, respectively. Contamination factors indicated moderate enrichment of Cd in the study area, with higher Cd contamination compared to Cr.
Result: There were five distinct age groups among the humans that lived there. Group I: ages 5 to 15; Group II: ages 16 to 25; Group III: ages 26 to 35; Group IV: ages 36 to 45; and Group V: ages 46 to 55. Chromium concentration was observed as 9.07±0.002 mg/kg in soil samples, 3.89±0.001 mg/kg in rice samples and 0.03± 0.001mg/L in serum samples. Cadmium concentration was observed as 1.02±0.00 mg/kg in soil samples, 0.4±0.00 mg/kg in rice samples and 0.0028±0.00 mg/l in serum samples. Super kernel and Kainat rice showed the highest Cd and Cr uptake in their tissues respectively.
Conclusion: Contamination factor results (CF>1) showed higher Cd contamination in the study area as compared to Cr metal. Cd metal also showed moderate level of enrichment in study area. As all THQ values were less than 1 in every age group, so there was no expected carcinogenic hazard to local consumers. Although current risk assessments suggest minimal carcinogenic hazard, elevated Cd levels warrant government intervention to implement strategies aimed at reducing cadmium contamination in rice grains, thereby safeguarding future public health.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6462e352db04485586787f9a47c1919f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2305-8722 2521-8573 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Jinnah University for Women |
| record_format | Article |
| series | RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-6462e352db04485586787f9a47c1919f2025-08-20T03:36:58ZengJinnah University for WomenRADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Science2305-87222521-85732025-08-01161Chromium and Cadmium Assessment in Selected Rice Varieties Under Various Irrigation SourcesMehwish Aslam0Zafar Iqbal1Kafeel Ahmad2Faiza Zubair3Naila Riaz4Asma Ashfaq5Ijaz Rasool Noorka6Muhammad Irfan Ashraf7Saif Ullah8Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Pakistan.Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Pakistan.Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Pakistan.Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Pakistan.Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Pakistan.Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Pakistan.Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Punjab Pakistan. Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Pakistan.Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha Pakistan. Background: Toxic metal accumulation in food crops poses significant public health risks. In particular, chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in rice crops can lead to human exposure through dietary intake, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and assessment. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of chromium and cadmium in four rice varieties-Super Kernel, Kainat, Basmati, and Irri 6-cultivated in Sargodha, Pakistan, and to assess potential health risks among different age groups in the local population. Main Outcome: The main outcome of the study measures the Cr and Cd concentrations in soil, rice, and serum samples were measured, revealing a predominance of Cd contamination relative to Cr. Super Kernel and Kainat rice varieties exhibited the highest uptake of Cd and Cr, respectively. Contamination factors indicated moderate enrichment of Cd in the study area, with higher Cd contamination compared to Cr. Result: There were five distinct age groups among the humans that lived there. Group I: ages 5 to 15; Group II: ages 16 to 25; Group III: ages 26 to 35; Group IV: ages 36 to 45; and Group V: ages 46 to 55. Chromium concentration was observed as 9.07±0.002 mg/kg in soil samples, 3.89±0.001 mg/kg in rice samples and 0.03± 0.001mg/L in serum samples. Cadmium concentration was observed as 1.02±0.00 mg/kg in soil samples, 0.4±0.00 mg/kg in rice samples and 0.0028±0.00 mg/l in serum samples. Super kernel and Kainat rice showed the highest Cd and Cr uptake in their tissues respectively. Conclusion: Contamination factor results (CF>1) showed higher Cd contamination in the study area as compared to Cr metal. Cd metal also showed moderate level of enrichment in study area. As all THQ values were less than 1 in every age group, so there was no expected carcinogenic hazard to local consumers. Although current risk assessments suggest minimal carcinogenic hazard, elevated Cd levels warrant government intervention to implement strategies aimed at reducing cadmium contamination in rice grains, thereby safeguarding future public health. http://www.jbas.juw.edu.pk/index.php/JBAS/article/view/705CadmiumChromiumContaminationFood chainHuman healthOryza sativa |
| spellingShingle | Mehwish Aslam Zafar Iqbal Kafeel Ahmad Faiza Zubair Naila Riaz Asma Ashfaq Ijaz Rasool Noorka Muhammad Irfan Ashraf Saif Ullah Chromium and Cadmium Assessment in Selected Rice Varieties Under Various Irrigation Sources RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Science Cadmium Chromium Contamination Food chain Human health Oryza sativa |
| title | Chromium and Cadmium Assessment in Selected Rice Varieties Under Various Irrigation Sources |
| title_full | Chromium and Cadmium Assessment in Selected Rice Varieties Under Various Irrigation Sources |
| title_fullStr | Chromium and Cadmium Assessment in Selected Rice Varieties Under Various Irrigation Sources |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chromium and Cadmium Assessment in Selected Rice Varieties Under Various Irrigation Sources |
| title_short | Chromium and Cadmium Assessment in Selected Rice Varieties Under Various Irrigation Sources |
| title_sort | chromium and cadmium assessment in selected rice varieties under various irrigation sources |
| topic | Cadmium Chromium Contamination Food chain Human health Oryza sativa |
| url | http://www.jbas.juw.edu.pk/index.php/JBAS/article/view/705 |
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