Optimization and Evaluation of Electrostatic Spraying Systems and Their Effects on Pesticide Deposition and Coverage Inside Dense Canopy Plants

Electrostatic spraying systems can improve the pesticide application efficiency by enhancing droplet deposition and coverage within crop canopies. This study evaluated the droplet size spectra and charge-to-mass ratio (CMR) of five electrostatically charged hollow-cone nozzles and one flat-fan nozzl...

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Main Authors: Matthew Herkins, Lingying Zhao, Heping Zhu, Hongyoung Jeon, Jose Castilho-Theodoro
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Agronomy
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/6/1401
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author Matthew Herkins
Lingying Zhao
Heping Zhu
Hongyoung Jeon
Jose Castilho-Theodoro
author_facet Matthew Herkins
Lingying Zhao
Heping Zhu
Hongyoung Jeon
Jose Castilho-Theodoro
author_sort Matthew Herkins
collection DOAJ
description Electrostatic spraying systems can improve the pesticide application efficiency by enhancing droplet deposition and coverage within crop canopies. This study evaluated the droplet size spectra and charge-to-mass ratio (CMR) of five electrostatically charged hollow-cone nozzles and one flat-fan nozzle paired with an electrode. Each nozzle was mounted on a moving boom in a wind tunnel and operated with the electrode and voltage that produced the highest CMR. Their effects on the spray coverage and deposition inside boxwood shrubs at wind speeds of 0 and 2.24 m s<sup>−1</sup> were assessed. The nozzles operated with the optimized electrode had average improvements in the canopy deposition and canopy coverage of 1.33 µg cm<sup>−2</sup> and 4.4% at a wind speed of 0 m s<sup>−1</sup> and 0.26 µg cm<sup>−2</sup> and 0.9% at a wind speed of 2.24 m s<sup>−1</sup>. The airborne drift measurements at various heights above the wind tunnel floor showed an average 0.50 µg cm<sup>−2</sup> reduction in the drift at 0.1 m, variable results at 0.35 m, and minimal changes at heights of 0.7 m and above at a downwind distance of 2 m. These findings highlighted the potential of optimized electrostatic spraying systems to enhance pesticide deposition inside the crop canopy under various wind speeds while reducing the spray drift potential.
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spelling doaj-art-6436112747734a73bedbb1798bb94e892025-08-20T02:24:25ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-06-01156140110.3390/agronomy15061401Optimization and Evaluation of Electrostatic Spraying Systems and Their Effects on Pesticide Deposition and Coverage Inside Dense Canopy PlantsMatthew Herkins0Lingying Zhao1Heping Zhu2Hongyoung Jeon3Jose Castilho-Theodoro4Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USADepartment of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USAApplication Technology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wooster, OH 44691, USAApplication Technology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wooster, OH 44691, USADepartment of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USAElectrostatic spraying systems can improve the pesticide application efficiency by enhancing droplet deposition and coverage within crop canopies. This study evaluated the droplet size spectra and charge-to-mass ratio (CMR) of five electrostatically charged hollow-cone nozzles and one flat-fan nozzle paired with an electrode. Each nozzle was mounted on a moving boom in a wind tunnel and operated with the electrode and voltage that produced the highest CMR. Their effects on the spray coverage and deposition inside boxwood shrubs at wind speeds of 0 and 2.24 m s<sup>−1</sup> were assessed. The nozzles operated with the optimized electrode had average improvements in the canopy deposition and canopy coverage of 1.33 µg cm<sup>−2</sup> and 4.4% at a wind speed of 0 m s<sup>−1</sup> and 0.26 µg cm<sup>−2</sup> and 0.9% at a wind speed of 2.24 m s<sup>−1</sup>. The airborne drift measurements at various heights above the wind tunnel floor showed an average 0.50 µg cm<sup>−2</sup> reduction in the drift at 0.1 m, variable results at 0.35 m, and minimal changes at heights of 0.7 m and above at a downwind distance of 2 m. These findings highlighted the potential of optimized electrostatic spraying systems to enhance pesticide deposition inside the crop canopy under various wind speeds while reducing the spray drift potential.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/6/1401electrostatic sprayerspesticidescharge-to-mass ratioboom sprayers
spellingShingle Matthew Herkins
Lingying Zhao
Heping Zhu
Hongyoung Jeon
Jose Castilho-Theodoro
Optimization and Evaluation of Electrostatic Spraying Systems and Their Effects on Pesticide Deposition and Coverage Inside Dense Canopy Plants
Agronomy
electrostatic sprayers
pesticides
charge-to-mass ratio
boom sprayers
title Optimization and Evaluation of Electrostatic Spraying Systems and Their Effects on Pesticide Deposition and Coverage Inside Dense Canopy Plants
title_full Optimization and Evaluation of Electrostatic Spraying Systems and Their Effects on Pesticide Deposition and Coverage Inside Dense Canopy Plants
title_fullStr Optimization and Evaluation of Electrostatic Spraying Systems and Their Effects on Pesticide Deposition and Coverage Inside Dense Canopy Plants
title_full_unstemmed Optimization and Evaluation of Electrostatic Spraying Systems and Their Effects on Pesticide Deposition and Coverage Inside Dense Canopy Plants
title_short Optimization and Evaluation of Electrostatic Spraying Systems and Their Effects on Pesticide Deposition and Coverage Inside Dense Canopy Plants
title_sort optimization and evaluation of electrostatic spraying systems and their effects on pesticide deposition and coverage inside dense canopy plants
topic electrostatic sprayers
pesticides
charge-to-mass ratio
boom sprayers
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/6/1401
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