A Semi-Micro Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron Using 4-Nitrocatechol and Xylometazoline Hydrochloride

A chromogenic solvent extraction system for Fe(III) based on 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) and xylometazoline hydrochloride (XMH) was investigated. The optimum conditions for extraction spectrophotometric determination of iron were found. Under these conditions, the formula of the extracted complex was (XMH...

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Main Authors: Petya V. Racheva, Antoaneta D. Saravanska, Galya K. Toncheva, Denitsa D. Kiradzhiyska, Nikolina P. Milcheva, Vidka V. Divarova, Ina P. Pencheva, Kirila T. Stojnova, Vassil B. Delchev, Kiril B. Gavazov
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Molecules
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/4/899
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author Petya V. Racheva
Antoaneta D. Saravanska
Galya K. Toncheva
Denitsa D. Kiradzhiyska
Nikolina P. Milcheva
Vidka V. Divarova
Ina P. Pencheva
Kirila T. Stojnova
Vassil B. Delchev
Kiril B. Gavazov
author_facet Petya V. Racheva
Antoaneta D. Saravanska
Galya K. Toncheva
Denitsa D. Kiradzhiyska
Nikolina P. Milcheva
Vidka V. Divarova
Ina P. Pencheva
Kirila T. Stojnova
Vassil B. Delchev
Kiril B. Gavazov
author_sort Petya V. Racheva
collection DOAJ
description A chromogenic solvent extraction system for Fe(III) based on 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) and xylometazoline hydrochloride (XMH) was investigated. The optimum conditions for extraction spectrophotometric determination of iron were found. Under these conditions, the formula of the extracted complex was (XMH<sup>+</sup>)<sub>3</sub>[Fe(4NC)<sub>3</sub>] and the apparent molar absorption coefficient at <i>λ</i><sub>max</sub> = 464 nm was 1.9 × 10<sup>5</sup> dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> (4-fold enrichment). To validate the aforementioned formula and gather information about the spin state of the central Fe(III) ion, a combined experimental-theoretical approach was employed. This approach entailed the experimental determination of the 4NC:Fe and XMH:Fe molar ratios and the optimization of potential color-bearing structures utilizing the B3LYP/6-311G computational chemistry method. The effect of foreign ions was thoroughly examined, and a sensitive, simple, and inexpensive analytical procedure was proposed, which was successfully applied for determining iron in pharmaceutical and industrial samples.
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spelling doaj-art-63ce13eadfef437ea000218173e61e112025-08-20T03:12:04ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-02-0130489910.3390/molecules30040899A Semi-Micro Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron Using 4-Nitrocatechol and Xylometazoline HydrochloridePetya V. Racheva0Antoaneta D. Saravanska1Galya K. Toncheva2Denitsa D. Kiradzhiyska3Nikolina P. Milcheva4Vidka V. Divarova5Ina P. Pencheva6Kirila T. Stojnova7Vassil B. Delchev8Kiril B. Gavazov9Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 120 Buxton Bros Str., 4004 Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 120 Buxton Bros Str., 4004 Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of General and Inorganic Chemistry with Methodology of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv ‘Paisii Hilendarski’, 24 Tsar Assen St., 4000 Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 120 Buxton Bros Str., 4004 Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 120 Buxton Bros Str., 4004 Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 120 Buxton Bros Str., 4004 Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 120 Buxton Bros Str., 4004 Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of General and Inorganic Chemistry with Methodology of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv ‘Paisii Hilendarski’, 24 Tsar Assen St., 4000 Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv ‘Paisii Hilendarski’, 24 Tsar Assen St., 4000 Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 120 Buxton Bros Str., 4004 Plovdiv, BulgariaA chromogenic solvent extraction system for Fe(III) based on 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) and xylometazoline hydrochloride (XMH) was investigated. The optimum conditions for extraction spectrophotometric determination of iron were found. Under these conditions, the formula of the extracted complex was (XMH<sup>+</sup>)<sub>3</sub>[Fe(4NC)<sub>3</sub>] and the apparent molar absorption coefficient at <i>λ</i><sub>max</sub> = 464 nm was 1.9 × 10<sup>5</sup> dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> (4-fold enrichment). To validate the aforementioned formula and gather information about the spin state of the central Fe(III) ion, a combined experimental-theoretical approach was employed. This approach entailed the experimental determination of the 4NC:Fe and XMH:Fe molar ratios and the optimization of potential color-bearing structures utilizing the B3LYP/6-311G computational chemistry method. The effect of foreign ions was thoroughly examined, and a sensitive, simple, and inexpensive analytical procedure was proposed, which was successfully applied for determining iron in pharmaceutical and industrial samples.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/4/899iron(III)spectrophotometric determination1,2-dihydroxy-4-nitrobenzenexylometazoline hydrochlorideliquid-liquid extractionB3LYP calculations
spellingShingle Petya V. Racheva
Antoaneta D. Saravanska
Galya K. Toncheva
Denitsa D. Kiradzhiyska
Nikolina P. Milcheva
Vidka V. Divarova
Ina P. Pencheva
Kirila T. Stojnova
Vassil B. Delchev
Kiril B. Gavazov
A Semi-Micro Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron Using 4-Nitrocatechol and Xylometazoline Hydrochloride
Molecules
iron(III)
spectrophotometric determination
1,2-dihydroxy-4-nitrobenzene
xylometazoline hydrochloride
liquid-liquid extraction
B3LYP calculations
title A Semi-Micro Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron Using 4-Nitrocatechol and Xylometazoline Hydrochloride
title_full A Semi-Micro Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron Using 4-Nitrocatechol and Xylometazoline Hydrochloride
title_fullStr A Semi-Micro Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron Using 4-Nitrocatechol and Xylometazoline Hydrochloride
title_full_unstemmed A Semi-Micro Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron Using 4-Nitrocatechol and Xylometazoline Hydrochloride
title_short A Semi-Micro Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron Using 4-Nitrocatechol and Xylometazoline Hydrochloride
title_sort semi micro extraction spectrophotometric determination of iron using 4 nitrocatechol and xylometazoline hydrochloride
topic iron(III)
spectrophotometric determination
1,2-dihydroxy-4-nitrobenzene
xylometazoline hydrochloride
liquid-liquid extraction
B3LYP calculations
url https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/4/899
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