An Improved Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System-Based Image Steganography Technique
OFDM technology is one of the most promising digital modulation methods to achieve the highest data transmission rates in all communication systems. However, the CFO problem constitutes one of the obstacles in-building wireless communication systems, as it leads to the ICI problem, especially in OF...
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Tikrit University
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://tj-es.com/ojs/index.php/tjes/article/view/1847 |
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| author | Ali Y. Jaber Ammar Al-Khafaji Ahmed Mahfodh Mkhelf |
| author_facet | Ali Y. Jaber Ammar Al-Khafaji Ahmed Mahfodh Mkhelf |
| author_sort | Ali Y. Jaber |
| collection | DOAJ |
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OFDM technology is one of the most promising digital modulation methods to achieve the highest data transmission rates in all communication systems. However, the CFO problem constitutes one of the obstacles in-building wireless communication systems, as it leads to the ICI problem, especially in OFDM systems. Moreover, CFO causes orthogonal loss between the sub-carriers in the case of divergent sub-carriers. In addition, the ICI causes a frequency mismatch in the transmitting and receiving stages. In this paper, the effect of the CFO on the performance of the OFDM system is analyzed by suggesting a CFO compensation method to reduce the ICI that occurs in OFDM systems. In the case of an additive white Gaussian noise channel, the computer simulation results demonstrated that the CFO was reduced by approximately 5.2 dB and 7.15 dB in QPSK and 64QAM, respectively, compared to the original variance method. In this context, a coding method was proposed to hide secret data in an image before the OFDM generation process based on the Least Significant Bit (LSB1 &LSB2) technology. Then, the data was extracted from the image upon receipt. Several methods can be used to estimate CFO to compensate for that change in OFDM, including measuring the error rate (BER) as an indicator of the effect of ICI. Moreover, the transmitted signal will be of high quality due to the ICI reduction, leading to channel normalization and reducing the receiving complexity.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-63bc6c5182e44d7ead93bd70e7f0f4c4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1813-162X 2312-7589 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Tikrit University |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-63bc6c5182e44d7ead93bd70e7f0f4c42025-08-24T09:11:22ZengTikrit UniversityTikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences1813-162X2312-75892025-08-0132310.25130/tjes.32.3.5An Improved Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System-Based Image Steganography TechniqueAli Y. Jaber0https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1468-3320Ammar Al-Khafaji1https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0006-1657Ahmed Mahfodh Mkhelf2Information and Communication Technology, Middle Technical University, Al-Zafaraniya, Baghdad, Iraq.Information and Communication Technology, Middle Technical University, Al-Zafaraniya, Baghdad, Iraq.Department of Computer Systems, Technical Institute-Suwaira, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq. OFDM technology is one of the most promising digital modulation methods to achieve the highest data transmission rates in all communication systems. However, the CFO problem constitutes one of the obstacles in-building wireless communication systems, as it leads to the ICI problem, especially in OFDM systems. Moreover, CFO causes orthogonal loss between the sub-carriers in the case of divergent sub-carriers. In addition, the ICI causes a frequency mismatch in the transmitting and receiving stages. In this paper, the effect of the CFO on the performance of the OFDM system is analyzed by suggesting a CFO compensation method to reduce the ICI that occurs in OFDM systems. In the case of an additive white Gaussian noise channel, the computer simulation results demonstrated that the CFO was reduced by approximately 5.2 dB and 7.15 dB in QPSK and 64QAM, respectively, compared to the original variance method. In this context, a coding method was proposed to hide secret data in an image before the OFDM generation process based on the Least Significant Bit (LSB1 &LSB2) technology. Then, the data was extracted from the image upon receipt. Several methods can be used to estimate CFO to compensate for that change in OFDM, including measuring the error rate (BER) as an indicator of the effect of ICI. Moreover, the transmitted signal will be of high quality due to the ICI reduction, leading to channel normalization and reducing the receiving complexity. https://tj-es.com/ojs/index.php/tjes/article/view/1847Carrier Frequency OffsetInter-carrier InterferencesOrthogonal Division MultiplexingSteganography |
| spellingShingle | Ali Y. Jaber Ammar Al-Khafaji Ahmed Mahfodh Mkhelf An Improved Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System-Based Image Steganography Technique Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences Carrier Frequency Offset Inter-carrier Interferences Orthogonal Division Multiplexing Steganography |
| title | An Improved Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System-Based Image Steganography Technique |
| title_full | An Improved Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System-Based Image Steganography Technique |
| title_fullStr | An Improved Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System-Based Image Steganography Technique |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Improved Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System-Based Image Steganography Technique |
| title_short | An Improved Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System-Based Image Steganography Technique |
| title_sort | improved orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system based image steganography technique |
| topic | Carrier Frequency Offset Inter-carrier Interferences Orthogonal Division Multiplexing Steganography |
| url | https://tj-es.com/ojs/index.php/tjes/article/view/1847 |
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