Evaluating climate shifts and drought regions in the central Indian river basins

Abstract Climate change, characterized by erratic rainfall patterns and rising temperatures, is enhancing the severity and intensity of drought across India. Considering this impact, assessment of these changes is critical for developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study emp...

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Main Authors: Shekhar Singh, Vijay Jain, Manish Kumar Goyal
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15231-1
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author Shekhar Singh
Vijay Jain
Manish Kumar Goyal
author_facet Shekhar Singh
Vijay Jain
Manish Kumar Goyal
author_sort Shekhar Singh
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Climate change, characterized by erratic rainfall patterns and rising temperatures, is enhancing the severity and intensity of drought across India. Considering this impact, assessment of these changes is critical for developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study employs a stochastic entropy-based approach to compute the inter- and intra-annual rainfall variability for multiple temporal scales. Considering this assessment, we identified winter, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons as key contributors to annual rainfall variability. Furthermore, using the entropy approach, we prepared a water resource availability map. It presents that 53.88% of the Betwa’s water resources and 54.57% of the Kshipra’s resources fall under Classes B and C, highlighting significant vulnerability to drought conditions in both basins. Subsequently, meteorological and hydrological droughts were evaluated using SPI, SPEI, and SRI indices. It showed that the Southern and Central regions of the Kshipra and the Northern and Central regions of the Betwa are highly drought prone. The outcome of the present study provides vulnerable drought regions with prolonged duration and high severity and intensity regions across the basin. It will support policymakers in implementing timely and targeted interventions for water resource management, facilitating the development of effective drought action plans.
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spelling doaj-art-63af20fdbeb54a2c9db34aac04d84cb32025-08-20T03:42:29ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115112110.1038/s41598-025-15231-1Evaluating climate shifts and drought regions in the central Indian river basinsShekhar Singh0Vijay Jain1Manish Kumar Goyal2Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology IndoreDepartment of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology IndoreDepartment of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology IndoreAbstract Climate change, characterized by erratic rainfall patterns and rising temperatures, is enhancing the severity and intensity of drought across India. Considering this impact, assessment of these changes is critical for developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study employs a stochastic entropy-based approach to compute the inter- and intra-annual rainfall variability for multiple temporal scales. Considering this assessment, we identified winter, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons as key contributors to annual rainfall variability. Furthermore, using the entropy approach, we prepared a water resource availability map. It presents that 53.88% of the Betwa’s water resources and 54.57% of the Kshipra’s resources fall under Classes B and C, highlighting significant vulnerability to drought conditions in both basins. Subsequently, meteorological and hydrological droughts were evaluated using SPI, SPEI, and SRI indices. It showed that the Southern and Central regions of the Kshipra and the Northern and Central regions of the Betwa are highly drought prone. The outcome of the present study provides vulnerable drought regions with prolonged duration and high severity and intensity regions across the basin. It will support policymakers in implementing timely and targeted interventions for water resource management, facilitating the development of effective drought action plans.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15231-1
spellingShingle Shekhar Singh
Vijay Jain
Manish Kumar Goyal
Evaluating climate shifts and drought regions in the central Indian river basins
Scientific Reports
title Evaluating climate shifts and drought regions in the central Indian river basins
title_full Evaluating climate shifts and drought regions in the central Indian river basins
title_fullStr Evaluating climate shifts and drought regions in the central Indian river basins
title_full_unstemmed Evaluating climate shifts and drought regions in the central Indian river basins
title_short Evaluating climate shifts and drought regions in the central Indian river basins
title_sort evaluating climate shifts and drought regions in the central indian river basins
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15231-1
work_keys_str_mv AT shekharsingh evaluatingclimateshiftsanddroughtregionsinthecentralindianriverbasins
AT vijayjain evaluatingclimateshiftsanddroughtregionsinthecentralindianriverbasins
AT manishkumargoyal evaluatingclimateshiftsanddroughtregionsinthecentralindianriverbasins