A review of neuro-symbolic AI integrating reasoning and learning for advanced cognitive systems

Neuro-symbolic AI represents the convergence of two principal paradigms in artificial intelligence: neural networks, which are efficient in data-driven learning, and symbolic reasoning, which offers explainability and logical inference. This hybrid methodology combines the adaptability of neural net...

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Main Authors: Uzma Nawaz, Mufti Anees-ur-Rahaman, Zubair Saeed
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Intelligent Systems with Applications
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667305325000675
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author Uzma Nawaz
Mufti Anees-ur-Rahaman
Zubair Saeed
author_facet Uzma Nawaz
Mufti Anees-ur-Rahaman
Zubair Saeed
author_sort Uzma Nawaz
collection DOAJ
description Neuro-symbolic AI represents the convergence of two principal paradigms in artificial intelligence: neural networks, which are efficient in data-driven learning, and symbolic reasoning, which offers explainability and logical inference. This hybrid methodology combines the adaptability of neural networks with symbolic AI's interpretability and formal reasoning abilities, which provide a practical framework for advanced cognitive systems. This paper analyzes the present condition of neuro-symbolic AI, emphasizing essential techniques that combine reasoning and learning. We explore models such as Logic Tensor Networks, Differentiable Logic Programs, and Neural Theorem Provers. The study analyzes their impact on the advancement of cognitive systems in natural language processing, robotics, and decision-making. The paper examines the challenges faced by neuro-symbolic AI, such as scalability, integration with multimodal data, and maintaining interpretability without compromising efficiency. By evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of many methodologies, we comprehensively understand the field's development and its potential to revolutionize intelligent systems. In addition, we identify emerging research areas, including the incorporation of ethical frameworks and the development of adaptive dynamic neuro-symbolic systems that respond in real-time. This review aims to guide future research by providing insights into the potential of neuro-symbolic AI to influence the development of the next generation of intelligent, explainable, and adaptive systems.
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spelling doaj-art-6301a4bd1cdf4802bef8d995639b475e2025-08-20T02:34:35ZengElsevierIntelligent Systems with Applications2667-30532025-06-012620054110.1016/j.iswa.2025.200541A review of neuro-symbolic AI integrating reasoning and learning for advanced cognitive systemsUzma Nawaz0Mufti Anees-ur-Rahaman1Zubair Saeed2Knowledge and Data Science Research Centre, Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, PakistanMilitary College of Signals, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Corresponding author.Neuro-symbolic AI represents the convergence of two principal paradigms in artificial intelligence: neural networks, which are efficient in data-driven learning, and symbolic reasoning, which offers explainability and logical inference. This hybrid methodology combines the adaptability of neural networks with symbolic AI's interpretability and formal reasoning abilities, which provide a practical framework for advanced cognitive systems. This paper analyzes the present condition of neuro-symbolic AI, emphasizing essential techniques that combine reasoning and learning. We explore models such as Logic Tensor Networks, Differentiable Logic Programs, and Neural Theorem Provers. The study analyzes their impact on the advancement of cognitive systems in natural language processing, robotics, and decision-making. The paper examines the challenges faced by neuro-symbolic AI, such as scalability, integration with multimodal data, and maintaining interpretability without compromising efficiency. By evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of many methodologies, we comprehensively understand the field's development and its potential to revolutionize intelligent systems. In addition, we identify emerging research areas, including the incorporation of ethical frameworks and the development of adaptive dynamic neuro-symbolic systems that respond in real-time. This review aims to guide future research by providing insights into the potential of neuro-symbolic AI to influence the development of the next generation of intelligent, explainable, and adaptive systems.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667305325000675
spellingShingle Uzma Nawaz
Mufti Anees-ur-Rahaman
Zubair Saeed
A review of neuro-symbolic AI integrating reasoning and learning for advanced cognitive systems
Intelligent Systems with Applications
title A review of neuro-symbolic AI integrating reasoning and learning for advanced cognitive systems
title_full A review of neuro-symbolic AI integrating reasoning and learning for advanced cognitive systems
title_fullStr A review of neuro-symbolic AI integrating reasoning and learning for advanced cognitive systems
title_full_unstemmed A review of neuro-symbolic AI integrating reasoning and learning for advanced cognitive systems
title_short A review of neuro-symbolic AI integrating reasoning and learning for advanced cognitive systems
title_sort review of neuro symbolic ai integrating reasoning and learning for advanced cognitive systems
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667305325000675
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