Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, China
Ratoon rice can improve rice yield by increasing the multiple cropping index in China. However, the greenhouse gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) emission characteristics from ratoon rice fields and the cultivation methods to reduce CH<sub>4</sub> and N<su...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Wujun Zhang Bin Du Xiujian Duan Zimeng Liang Yongqun Tang Jingyong Li Xiong Yao |
| author_facet | Wujun Zhang Bin Du Xiujian Duan Zimeng Liang Yongqun Tang Jingyong Li Xiong Yao |
| author_sort | Wujun Zhang |
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| description | Ratoon rice can improve rice yield by increasing the multiple cropping index in China. However, the greenhouse gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) emission characteristics from ratoon rice fields and the cultivation methods to reduce CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are rarely reported. This study first conducted the analysis of genotype differences in greenhouse gas emission fluxes using five strong ratoon ability rice varieties in 2020. Second, water management methods, including alternating the wet–dry irrigation (AWD) pattern and conventional flooding irrigation (CF) during the main season, were carried out in 2021. CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux, agronomic traits, and rice yield during both main and ratoon seasons were investigated. The results showed that the CH<sub>4</sub> emission flux during the main and ratoon seasons was 157.05–470.73 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup> and 31.03–84.38 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, and the total N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux was 0.13–0.94 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup> in the ratoon rice system over the two seasons (RRSTS). Compared with the main season, the CH<sub>4</sub> emission flux during the ratoon season was significantly reduced, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) in the ratoon rice system. Cliangyouhuazhan (CLYHZ) showed a high yield, and the lowest GWP and GHGI values among the five rice varieties in RRSTS. Compared with CF, the AWD pattern reduced the CH<sub>4</sub> emission flux during the main and ratoon seasons by 67.4–95.3 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup> and 1.7–5.1 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, but increased the N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux by 0.1–0.6 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup> during the RRSTS. Further, compared with CF, the AWD pattern had a declined GWP by 14.3–19.4% and GHGI by 30.3–34.3% during the RRSTS, which was attributed to the significant reduction in GWP and GHGI during the main season. The AWD pattern significantly increased rice yield by 21.9–22.9% during the RRSTS, especially for YX203. Correlation analysis showed that CH<sub>4</sub>, GWP, and GHGI exhibited significant negative correlations with spikelet number per m<sup>2</sup> and the harvest index during the main and ratoon seasons. Collectively, selecting the high-yield, low-emission variety CLYHZ could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ratoon rice while maintaining a high yield. The AWD pattern could reduce total CH<sub>4</sub> emission during the main season, reducing the GWP and GHGI while increasing the ratoon rice system yield. It could be concluded that a variety of CLYHZ and AWD patterns are worthy of promotion and application to decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the ratoon rice area in the upper reaches of Yangtze River, China. |
| format | Article |
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| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-62d22cf7fe4c4b468af13a99725ce9012025-08-20T02:00:51ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722024-12-011412225110.3390/agriculture14122251Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, ChinaWujun Zhang0Bin Du1Xiujian Duan2Zimeng Liang3Yongqun Tang4Jingyong Li5Xiong Yao6Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Ratooning Rice Research Center, Jiulongpo, Chongqing 401329, ChinaChongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Ratooning Rice Research Center, Jiulongpo, Chongqing 401329, ChinaChongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Ratooning Rice Research Center, Jiulongpo, Chongqing 401329, ChinaChongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Ratooning Rice Research Center, Jiulongpo, Chongqing 401329, ChinaChongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Ratooning Rice Research Center, Jiulongpo, Chongqing 401329, ChinaChongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Ratooning Rice Research Center, Jiulongpo, Chongqing 401329, ChinaChongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Ratooning Rice Research Center, Jiulongpo, Chongqing 401329, ChinaRatoon rice can improve rice yield by increasing the multiple cropping index in China. However, the greenhouse gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) emission characteristics from ratoon rice fields and the cultivation methods to reduce CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are rarely reported. This study first conducted the analysis of genotype differences in greenhouse gas emission fluxes using five strong ratoon ability rice varieties in 2020. Second, water management methods, including alternating the wet–dry irrigation (AWD) pattern and conventional flooding irrigation (CF) during the main season, were carried out in 2021. CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux, agronomic traits, and rice yield during both main and ratoon seasons were investigated. The results showed that the CH<sub>4</sub> emission flux during the main and ratoon seasons was 157.05–470.73 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup> and 31.03–84.38 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, and the total N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux was 0.13–0.94 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup> in the ratoon rice system over the two seasons (RRSTS). Compared with the main season, the CH<sub>4</sub> emission flux during the ratoon season was significantly reduced, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) in the ratoon rice system. Cliangyouhuazhan (CLYHZ) showed a high yield, and the lowest GWP and GHGI values among the five rice varieties in RRSTS. Compared with CF, the AWD pattern reduced the CH<sub>4</sub> emission flux during the main and ratoon seasons by 67.4–95.3 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup> and 1.7–5.1 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, but increased the N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux by 0.1–0.6 kg·ha<sup>–1</sup> during the RRSTS. Further, compared with CF, the AWD pattern had a declined GWP by 14.3–19.4% and GHGI by 30.3–34.3% during the RRSTS, which was attributed to the significant reduction in GWP and GHGI during the main season. The AWD pattern significantly increased rice yield by 21.9–22.9% during the RRSTS, especially for YX203. Correlation analysis showed that CH<sub>4</sub>, GWP, and GHGI exhibited significant negative correlations with spikelet number per m<sup>2</sup> and the harvest index during the main and ratoon seasons. Collectively, selecting the high-yield, low-emission variety CLYHZ could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ratoon rice while maintaining a high yield. The AWD pattern could reduce total CH<sub>4</sub> emission during the main season, reducing the GWP and GHGI while increasing the ratoon rice system yield. It could be concluded that a variety of CLYHZ and AWD patterns are worthy of promotion and application to decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the ratoon rice area in the upper reaches of Yangtze River, China.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/14/12/2251ratoon riceCH<sub>4</sub> emissionglobal warming potential (GWP)greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI)alternating wet–dry irrigation (AWD)yield |
| spellingShingle | Wujun Zhang Bin Du Xiujian Duan Zimeng Liang Yongqun Tang Jingyong Li Xiong Yao Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, China Agriculture ratoon rice CH<sub>4</sub> emission global warming potential (GWP) greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) alternating wet–dry irrigation (AWD) yield |
| title | Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, China |
| title_full | Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, China |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, China |
| title_short | Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, China |
| title_sort | effects of different rice varieties and water management practices on greenhouse gas ch sub 4 sub and n sub 2 sub o emissions in the ratoon rice system in the upper yangtze river region china |
| topic | ratoon rice CH<sub>4</sub> emission global warming potential (GWP) greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) alternating wet–dry irrigation (AWD) yield |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/14/12/2251 |
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