Characterization of 77 GHz Radar Backscattering from Sea Surfaces at Low Incidence Angles: Preliminary Results
Millimeter-wave (MMW) radar is capable of providing high temporal–spatial measurements of the ocean surface. Some topics, such as the characterization of the radar echo, have attracted widespread attention from researchers. However, most existing research studies focus on the backscatter of the ocea...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/1/116 |
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| author | Qinghui Xu Chen Zhao Zezong Chen Sitao Wu Xiao Wang Lingang Fan |
| author_facet | Qinghui Xu Chen Zhao Zezong Chen Sitao Wu Xiao Wang Lingang Fan |
| author_sort | Qinghui Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Millimeter-wave (MMW) radar is capable of providing high temporal–spatial measurements of the ocean surface. Some topics, such as the characterization of the radar echo, have attracted widespread attention from researchers. However, most existing research studies focus on the backscatter of the ocean surface at low microwave bands, while the sea surface backscattering mechanism in the 77 GHz frequency band remains not well interpreted. To address this issue, in this paper, the investigation of the scattering mechanism is carried out for the 77 GHz frequency band ocean surface at small incidence angles. The backscattering coefficient is first simulated by applying the quasi-specular scattering model and the corrected scattering model of geometric optics (GO4), using two different ocean wave spectrum models (the Hwang spectrum and the Kudryavtsev spectrum). Then, the dependence of the sea surface normalized radar cross section (NRCS) on incidence angles, azimuth angles, and sea states are investigated. Finally, by comparison between model simulations and the radar-measured data, the 77 GHz frequency band scattering characterization of sea surfaces at the near-nadir incidence is verified. In addition, experimental results from the wave tank are shown, and the difference in the scattering mechanism is further discussed between water surfaces and oceans. The obtained results seem promising for a better understanding of the ocean surface backscattering mechanism in the MMW frequency band. It provides a new method for fostering the usage of radar technologies for real-time ocean observations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-62a71b2d9aba4d5eacc1f4a9f40ff606 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-62a71b2d9aba4d5eacc1f4a9f40ff6062025-01-10T13:20:16ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-01-0117111610.3390/rs17010116Characterization of 77 GHz Radar Backscattering from Sea Surfaces at Low Incidence Angles: Preliminary ResultsQinghui Xu0Chen Zhao1Zezong Chen2Sitao Wu3Xiao Wang4Lingang Fan5School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaSchool of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaSchool of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaSchool of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaSchool of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaBeijing Institute of Radio Measurement, Beijing 100854, ChinaMillimeter-wave (MMW) radar is capable of providing high temporal–spatial measurements of the ocean surface. Some topics, such as the characterization of the radar echo, have attracted widespread attention from researchers. However, most existing research studies focus on the backscatter of the ocean surface at low microwave bands, while the sea surface backscattering mechanism in the 77 GHz frequency band remains not well interpreted. To address this issue, in this paper, the investigation of the scattering mechanism is carried out for the 77 GHz frequency band ocean surface at small incidence angles. The backscattering coefficient is first simulated by applying the quasi-specular scattering model and the corrected scattering model of geometric optics (GO4), using two different ocean wave spectrum models (the Hwang spectrum and the Kudryavtsev spectrum). Then, the dependence of the sea surface normalized radar cross section (NRCS) on incidence angles, azimuth angles, and sea states are investigated. Finally, by comparison between model simulations and the radar-measured data, the 77 GHz frequency band scattering characterization of sea surfaces at the near-nadir incidence is verified. In addition, experimental results from the wave tank are shown, and the difference in the scattering mechanism is further discussed between water surfaces and oceans. The obtained results seem promising for a better understanding of the ocean surface backscattering mechanism in the MMW frequency band. It provides a new method for fostering the usage of radar technologies for real-time ocean observations.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/1/116millimeter waveocean observationslow incidencequasi-specular scattering |
| spellingShingle | Qinghui Xu Chen Zhao Zezong Chen Sitao Wu Xiao Wang Lingang Fan Characterization of 77 GHz Radar Backscattering from Sea Surfaces at Low Incidence Angles: Preliminary Results Remote Sensing millimeter wave ocean observations low incidence quasi-specular scattering |
| title | Characterization of 77 GHz Radar Backscattering from Sea Surfaces at Low Incidence Angles: Preliminary Results |
| title_full | Characterization of 77 GHz Radar Backscattering from Sea Surfaces at Low Incidence Angles: Preliminary Results |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of 77 GHz Radar Backscattering from Sea Surfaces at Low Incidence Angles: Preliminary Results |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of 77 GHz Radar Backscattering from Sea Surfaces at Low Incidence Angles: Preliminary Results |
| title_short | Characterization of 77 GHz Radar Backscattering from Sea Surfaces at Low Incidence Angles: Preliminary Results |
| title_sort | characterization of 77 ghz radar backscattering from sea surfaces at low incidence angles preliminary results |
| topic | millimeter wave ocean observations low incidence quasi-specular scattering |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/1/116 |
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