Identification of the Parameters of the Szpica–Warakomski Method’s Rectilinear Trend Complementary to the Gaussian Characteristic Area Method in the Functional Evaluation of Gas Injectors
The Fit for 55 and Euro 7 regulations significantly reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from combustion sources. This will be reflected in the regulations governing the approval of in-service vehicles, including those using alternative fuels. The present study focused on the rapid diagnostic...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Dariusz Szpica Jacek Hunicz Andrzej Borawski Grzegorz Mieczkowski Paweł Woś Bragadeshwaran Ashok |
| author_facet | Dariusz Szpica Jacek Hunicz Andrzej Borawski Grzegorz Mieczkowski Paweł Woś Bragadeshwaran Ashok |
| author_sort | Dariusz Szpica |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Fit for 55 and Euro 7 regulations significantly reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from combustion sources. This will be reflected in the regulations governing the approval of in-service vehicles, including those using alternative fuels. The present study focused on the rapid diagnostics of the technical condition of gas injectors. The test method was a modification of the Gaussian characteristic fields method using the Szpica–Warakomski rectilinear trend. The flow tests resulted in average volumetric intensities of 111 NL/min and 124 NL/min, depending on the operating conditions. The opening and closing times were in the range of (1.3…3.5) ms. The directional parameter of the rectilinear trend, which is important from the point of view of the analyses, was 0.97 for brand new (BN) injectors and 1.00 for in-service (IO) injectors. The intersection parameters were 0.64 and 0.24, respectively. The qualitative evaluation yielded coefficients of determination of 95.01 and 94.07. The values of the trend parameters were strongly dependent on the design solution and model/type of injector. Inferring the effect of operating condition on the trend parameter values, a one-factor analysis of variance was performed, which showed the significance of only the directional coefficient. A comparison of the same BN and IO injector model showed an apparent change in the value of the intercept only. No significant relationships between the injector opening and closing times and the trend parameters were shown. Thus, the usefulness of using the Szpica–Warakomski rectilinear trend in the functional evaluation of gas injectors of different designs and under different operating conditions was demonstrated. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-622efdaa98c54569a8fcf190aa67a760 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-622efdaa98c54569a8fcf190aa67a7602025-08-20T03:50:17ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-06-012513402010.3390/s25134020Identification of the Parameters of the Szpica–Warakomski Method’s Rectilinear Trend Complementary to the Gaussian Characteristic Area Method in the Functional Evaluation of Gas InjectorsDariusz Szpica0Jacek Hunicz1Andrzej Borawski2Grzegorz Mieczkowski3Paweł Woś4Bragadeshwaran Ashok5Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45 Wiejska Str., 15-351 Bialystok, PolandFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, PolandFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45 Wiejska Str., 15-351 Bialystok, PolandFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45 Wiejska Str., 15-351 Bialystok, PolandFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 12 Powstancow Warszawy Str., 35-959 Rzeszow, PolandDepartment of Automotive Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore 632014, IndiaThe Fit for 55 and Euro 7 regulations significantly reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from combustion sources. This will be reflected in the regulations governing the approval of in-service vehicles, including those using alternative fuels. The present study focused on the rapid diagnostics of the technical condition of gas injectors. The test method was a modification of the Gaussian characteristic fields method using the Szpica–Warakomski rectilinear trend. The flow tests resulted in average volumetric intensities of 111 NL/min and 124 NL/min, depending on the operating conditions. The opening and closing times were in the range of (1.3…3.5) ms. The directional parameter of the rectilinear trend, which is important from the point of view of the analyses, was 0.97 for brand new (BN) injectors and 1.00 for in-service (IO) injectors. The intersection parameters were 0.64 and 0.24, respectively. The qualitative evaluation yielded coefficients of determination of 95.01 and 94.07. The values of the trend parameters were strongly dependent on the design solution and model/type of injector. Inferring the effect of operating condition on the trend parameter values, a one-factor analysis of variance was performed, which showed the significance of only the directional coefficient. A comparison of the same BN and IO injector model showed an apparent change in the value of the intercept only. No significant relationships between the injector opening and closing times and the trend parameters were shown. Thus, the usefulness of using the Szpica–Warakomski rectilinear trend in the functional evaluation of gas injectors of different designs and under different operating conditions was demonstrated.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/13/4020combustion enginesalternative fuel supplylow-pressure gas-phase injectorresearch |
| spellingShingle | Dariusz Szpica Jacek Hunicz Andrzej Borawski Grzegorz Mieczkowski Paweł Woś Bragadeshwaran Ashok Identification of the Parameters of the Szpica–Warakomski Method’s Rectilinear Trend Complementary to the Gaussian Characteristic Area Method in the Functional Evaluation of Gas Injectors Sensors combustion engines alternative fuel supply low-pressure gas-phase injector research |
| title | Identification of the Parameters of the Szpica–Warakomski Method’s Rectilinear Trend Complementary to the Gaussian Characteristic Area Method in the Functional Evaluation of Gas Injectors |
| title_full | Identification of the Parameters of the Szpica–Warakomski Method’s Rectilinear Trend Complementary to the Gaussian Characteristic Area Method in the Functional Evaluation of Gas Injectors |
| title_fullStr | Identification of the Parameters of the Szpica–Warakomski Method’s Rectilinear Trend Complementary to the Gaussian Characteristic Area Method in the Functional Evaluation of Gas Injectors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of the Parameters of the Szpica–Warakomski Method’s Rectilinear Trend Complementary to the Gaussian Characteristic Area Method in the Functional Evaluation of Gas Injectors |
| title_short | Identification of the Parameters of the Szpica–Warakomski Method’s Rectilinear Trend Complementary to the Gaussian Characteristic Area Method in the Functional Evaluation of Gas Injectors |
| title_sort | identification of the parameters of the szpica warakomski method s rectilinear trend complementary to the gaussian characteristic area method in the functional evaluation of gas injectors |
| topic | combustion engines alternative fuel supply low-pressure gas-phase injector research |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/13/4020 |
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