B cell stimulation changes the structure and higher-order organization of the inactive X chromosome

Summary: X chromosome inactivation (XCI) equalizes X-linked gene expression between sexes. B cells exhibit dynamic XCI, with Xist RNA/heterochromatic marks absent on the inactive X (Xi) in naive B cells but returning following mitogenic stimulation. The impact of dynamic XCI on Xi structure and main...

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Main Authors: Isabel Sierra, Natalie E. Toothacre, Robin H. van der Weide, Claudia D. Lovell, Son C. Nguyen, R. Jordan Barnett, Ashley L. Cook, Han-Seul Ryu, Sarah Pyfrom, Harrison Wang, Daniel Beiting, Jennifer E. Philips-Cremins, Eric F. Joyce, Montserrat C. Anguera
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-03-01
Series:Cell Reports
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124725001226
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author Isabel Sierra
Natalie E. Toothacre
Robin H. van der Weide
Claudia D. Lovell
Son C. Nguyen
R. Jordan Barnett
Ashley L. Cook
Han-Seul Ryu
Sarah Pyfrom
Harrison Wang
Daniel Beiting
Jennifer E. Philips-Cremins
Eric F. Joyce
Montserrat C. Anguera
author_facet Isabel Sierra
Natalie E. Toothacre
Robin H. van der Weide
Claudia D. Lovell
Son C. Nguyen
R. Jordan Barnett
Ashley L. Cook
Han-Seul Ryu
Sarah Pyfrom
Harrison Wang
Daniel Beiting
Jennifer E. Philips-Cremins
Eric F. Joyce
Montserrat C. Anguera
author_sort Isabel Sierra
collection DOAJ
description Summary: X chromosome inactivation (XCI) equalizes X-linked gene expression between sexes. B cells exhibit dynamic XCI, with Xist RNA/heterochromatic marks absent on the inactive X (Xi) in naive B cells but returning following mitogenic stimulation. The impact of dynamic XCI on Xi structure and maintenance was previously unknown. Here, we find dosage compensation of the Xi with state-specific XCI escape genes in naive and in vitro-activated B cells. Allele-specific OligoPaints indicate similar Xi and active X (Xa) territories in B cells that are less compact than in fibroblasts. Allele-specific Hi-C reveals a lack of TAD-like structures on the Xi of naive B cells and stimulation-induced alterations in TAD-like boundary strength independent of gene expression. Notably, Xist deletion in B cells changes TAD boundaries and large-scale Xi compaction. Altogether, our results uncover B cell-specific Xi plasticity, which could underlie sex-biased biological mechanisms.
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spelling doaj-art-617fbe2f392248ffaa50832f268a313c2025-08-20T02:03:46ZengElsevierCell Reports2211-12472025-03-0144311535110.1016/j.celrep.2025.115351B cell stimulation changes the structure and higher-order organization of the inactive X chromosomeIsabel Sierra0Natalie E. Toothacre1Robin H. van der Weide2Claudia D. Lovell3Son C. Nguyen4R. Jordan Barnett5Ashley L. Cook6Han-Seul Ryu7Sarah Pyfrom8Harrison Wang9Daniel Beiting10Jennifer E. Philips-Cremins11Eric F. Joyce12Montserrat C. Anguera13Department of Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USADepartment of Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USAHubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the NetherlandsDepartment of Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USADepartment of Genetics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USADepartment of Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USADepartment of Genetics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USADepartment of Genetics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USADepartment of Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA; Corresponding authorSummary: X chromosome inactivation (XCI) equalizes X-linked gene expression between sexes. B cells exhibit dynamic XCI, with Xist RNA/heterochromatic marks absent on the inactive X (Xi) in naive B cells but returning following mitogenic stimulation. The impact of dynamic XCI on Xi structure and maintenance was previously unknown. Here, we find dosage compensation of the Xi with state-specific XCI escape genes in naive and in vitro-activated B cells. Allele-specific OligoPaints indicate similar Xi and active X (Xa) territories in B cells that are less compact than in fibroblasts. Allele-specific Hi-C reveals a lack of TAD-like structures on the Xi of naive B cells and stimulation-induced alterations in TAD-like boundary strength independent of gene expression. Notably, Xist deletion in B cells changes TAD boundaries and large-scale Xi compaction. Altogether, our results uncover B cell-specific Xi plasticity, which could underlie sex-biased biological mechanisms.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124725001226CP: ImmunologyCP: Molecular biology
spellingShingle Isabel Sierra
Natalie E. Toothacre
Robin H. van der Weide
Claudia D. Lovell
Son C. Nguyen
R. Jordan Barnett
Ashley L. Cook
Han-Seul Ryu
Sarah Pyfrom
Harrison Wang
Daniel Beiting
Jennifer E. Philips-Cremins
Eric F. Joyce
Montserrat C. Anguera
B cell stimulation changes the structure and higher-order organization of the inactive X chromosome
Cell Reports
CP: Immunology
CP: Molecular biology
title B cell stimulation changes the structure and higher-order organization of the inactive X chromosome
title_full B cell stimulation changes the structure and higher-order organization of the inactive X chromosome
title_fullStr B cell stimulation changes the structure and higher-order organization of the inactive X chromosome
title_full_unstemmed B cell stimulation changes the structure and higher-order organization of the inactive X chromosome
title_short B cell stimulation changes the structure and higher-order organization of the inactive X chromosome
title_sort b cell stimulation changes the structure and higher order organization of the inactive x chromosome
topic CP: Immunology
CP: Molecular biology
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124725001226
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