Yellow Fever in Non-Human Primates: A Veterinary Guide from a One Health Perspective
Yellow fever (YF) causes severe morbidity and mortality in Africa and South America. It is an arthropod-borne viral disease endemic to tropical regions of Africa and South America. Yellow fever virus (YFV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and frequently affects both non-human primates (NHPs) and humans....
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/4/339 |
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| author | Remco A. Nederlof Tommaso Virgilio Hendrickus J. J. Stemkens Luiz C. C. Pereira da Silva Daniela R. Montagna Abdussamad M. Abdussamad John Chipangura Jaco Bakker |
| author_facet | Remco A. Nederlof Tommaso Virgilio Hendrickus J. J. Stemkens Luiz C. C. Pereira da Silva Daniela R. Montagna Abdussamad M. Abdussamad John Chipangura Jaco Bakker |
| author_sort | Remco A. Nederlof |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Yellow fever (YF) causes severe morbidity and mortality in Africa and South America. It is an arthropod-borne viral disease endemic to tropical regions of Africa and South America. Yellow fever virus (YFV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and frequently affects both non-human primates (NHPs) and humans. Neotropical primates (NTPs) are generally more severely afflicted by YFV than African primates. Asian primates appear not to be susceptible to this disease. Susceptibility varies among NTP species: asymptomatic infections are described in some NTP species, whereas severe epizootic mortality events are described in others. The genus <i>Alouatta</i> (howler monkeys) is considered to be the most susceptible among the NTPs. Epizootic events resulting in the death of thousands of NTPs have been recorded in recent history. As a result, YFV poses a threat to the survival of some NTP species. In most cases, NTPs are found dead without showing prior clinical signs. In cases where clinical signs are observed, they are mostly non-specific. Due to their high susceptibility, epizootic events in NTPs are used as epidemiological predictors for human YF outbreaks. YFV infection may be diagnosed by means of virus isolation, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, serology, histopathology, or immunohistochemistry. Animals that survive the disease develop neutralizing antibodies to YFV. Currently, no specific treatment is available. Sustained YF control strategies must rely on surveillance and accurate diagnostics to allow for early detection of outbreaks and rapid implementation of control measures. Prophylaxis should be based on a One Health perspective that recognizes the intricate interplay between human health, primate health, and the environment. Vaccines for YF are available, with the human 17DD vaccine effectively preventing disease in primates. However, mitigation strategies continue to rely more and more on vector control, preferably using eco-friendly methods. Climate change and human activities, and their impact on local ecology, are assumed to increase the risk of YF transmission in the next decades. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-612e24f3ea754491af5fcb5c3ab74d4f |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-612e24f3ea754491af5fcb5c3ab74d4f2025-08-20T02:25:08ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812025-04-0112433910.3390/vetsci12040339Yellow Fever in Non-Human Primates: A Veterinary Guide from a One Health PerspectiveRemco A. Nederlof0Tommaso Virgilio1Hendrickus J. J. Stemkens2Luiz C. C. Pereira da Silva3Daniela R. Montagna4Abdussamad M. Abdussamad5John Chipangura6Jaco Bakker7Independent Researcher, 2861 XZ Bergambacht, The NetherlandsInstitute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, SwitzerlandStichting Vogelpark Avifauna, 2404 HG Alphen aan den Rijn, The NetherlandsInstitute of Science and Technology in Biomodels, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, BrazilInstitute of Biological Chemistry and Biophysics (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, ArgentinaFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bayero University, Kano PMB 3011, NigeriaFaculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South AfricaAnimal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The NetherlandsYellow fever (YF) causes severe morbidity and mortality in Africa and South America. It is an arthropod-borne viral disease endemic to tropical regions of Africa and South America. Yellow fever virus (YFV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and frequently affects both non-human primates (NHPs) and humans. Neotropical primates (NTPs) are generally more severely afflicted by YFV than African primates. Asian primates appear not to be susceptible to this disease. Susceptibility varies among NTP species: asymptomatic infections are described in some NTP species, whereas severe epizootic mortality events are described in others. The genus <i>Alouatta</i> (howler monkeys) is considered to be the most susceptible among the NTPs. Epizootic events resulting in the death of thousands of NTPs have been recorded in recent history. As a result, YFV poses a threat to the survival of some NTP species. In most cases, NTPs are found dead without showing prior clinical signs. In cases where clinical signs are observed, they are mostly non-specific. Due to their high susceptibility, epizootic events in NTPs are used as epidemiological predictors for human YF outbreaks. YFV infection may be diagnosed by means of virus isolation, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, serology, histopathology, or immunohistochemistry. Animals that survive the disease develop neutralizing antibodies to YFV. Currently, no specific treatment is available. Sustained YF control strategies must rely on surveillance and accurate diagnostics to allow for early detection of outbreaks and rapid implementation of control measures. Prophylaxis should be based on a One Health perspective that recognizes the intricate interplay between human health, primate health, and the environment. Vaccines for YF are available, with the human 17DD vaccine effectively preventing disease in primates. However, mitigation strategies continue to rely more and more on vector control, preferably using eco-friendly methods. Climate change and human activities, and their impact on local ecology, are assumed to increase the risk of YF transmission in the next decades.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/4/339One Healthyellow fevervector-borneviral diseaseneotropical primatezoonotic |
| spellingShingle | Remco A. Nederlof Tommaso Virgilio Hendrickus J. J. Stemkens Luiz C. C. Pereira da Silva Daniela R. Montagna Abdussamad M. Abdussamad John Chipangura Jaco Bakker Yellow Fever in Non-Human Primates: A Veterinary Guide from a One Health Perspective Veterinary Sciences One Health yellow fever vector-borne viral disease neotropical primate zoonotic |
| title | Yellow Fever in Non-Human Primates: A Veterinary Guide from a One Health Perspective |
| title_full | Yellow Fever in Non-Human Primates: A Veterinary Guide from a One Health Perspective |
| title_fullStr | Yellow Fever in Non-Human Primates: A Veterinary Guide from a One Health Perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | Yellow Fever in Non-Human Primates: A Veterinary Guide from a One Health Perspective |
| title_short | Yellow Fever in Non-Human Primates: A Veterinary Guide from a One Health Perspective |
| title_sort | yellow fever in non human primates a veterinary guide from a one health perspective |
| topic | One Health yellow fever vector-borne viral disease neotropical primate zoonotic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/4/339 |
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