Macro Stickies Content Evaluation of Different Cellulose-Based Materials Through Image Analysis
In this work an evaluation of Macro Stickies was performed on thirteen different cellulose-based materials through image analysis. In particular, the materials that were evaluated consisted of different types/categories of papers/products produced by the industry, namely, molded cellulose products,...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Recycling |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/10/2/69 |
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| author | António de O. Mendes Joana C. Vieira Vera L. D. Costa Paula Pinto Belinda Soares Paulo Barata Joana M. R. Curto Maria E. Amaral Ana P. Costa Paulo T. Fiadeiro |
| author_facet | António de O. Mendes Joana C. Vieira Vera L. D. Costa Paula Pinto Belinda Soares Paulo Barata Joana M. R. Curto Maria E. Amaral Ana P. Costa Paulo T. Fiadeiro |
| author_sort | António de O. Mendes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work an evaluation of Macro Stickies was performed on thirteen different cellulose-based materials through image analysis. In particular, the materials that were evaluated consisted of different types/categories of papers/products produced by the industry, namely, molded cellulose products, unbleached kraft papers, barrier papers, one recycled paper, and a laminated paper package. The Macro Stickies Evaluation was carried out using an image analysis tool developed by our research group to perform this kind of work from now on. The results indicated that eight of the processed samples revealed low/residual contents of Macro Stickies, whereas the remaining five revealed higher amounts of Macro Stickies in their surfaces. Of the eight samples showing a low/residual Macro Stickies content, five of them belonged to the unbleached kraft papers category, with an area per mass of Macro Stickies ranging from 8.60 to 29.04 mm<sup>2</sup>/kg. However, the lowest case did not belong to this category, but to the molded cellulose products category with a value of 6.10 mm<sup>2</sup>/kg. Of the five samples showing higher amounts of Macro Stickies, the worst three cases were associated to one of the barrier papers, the recycled paper and the laminated paper, with an area per mass of Macro Stickies of 28,973.42, 6998.56, and 14,058.76 mm<sup>2</sup>/kg, respectively. Macro Stickies can assume different sizes, numbers and distributions depending on the characteristics and nature of each sample, and can be a great concern in the recycling of cellulose-based materials. In this sense, the proper assessment of Macro Stickies provides valuable information for the recycling sector to classify them in the products, and to anticipate which materials might give rise to potential stickies related problems in the recycling process. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6114eb8de7634df584be4df5a1a28cc8 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2313-4321 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Recycling |
| spelling | doaj-art-6114eb8de7634df584be4df5a1a28cc82025-08-20T02:28:33ZengMDPI AGRecycling2313-43212025-04-011026910.3390/recycling10020069Macro Stickies Content Evaluation of Different Cellulose-Based Materials Through Image AnalysisAntónio de O. Mendes0Joana C. Vieira1Vera L. D. Costa2Paula Pinto3Belinda Soares4Paulo Barata5Joana M. R. Curto6Maria E. Amaral7Ana P. Costa8Paulo T. Fiadeiro9Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University of Beira Interior, R. Marquês D’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, PortugalFiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University of Beira Interior, R. Marquês D’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, PortugalFiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University of Beira Interior, R. Marquês D’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, PortugalForest and Paper Research Institute (RAIZ), R. José Estevão, Eixo, 3800-783 Aveiro, PortugalForest and Paper Research Institute (RAIZ), R. José Estevão, Eixo, 3800-783 Aveiro, PortugalThe Navigator Company, Av. Fontes Pereira de Melo 27, 1050-117 Lisboa, PortugalFiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University of Beira Interior, R. Marquês D’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, PortugalFiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University of Beira Interior, R. Marquês D’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, PortugalFiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University of Beira Interior, R. Marquês D’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, PortugalFiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University of Beira Interior, R. Marquês D’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, PortugalIn this work an evaluation of Macro Stickies was performed on thirteen different cellulose-based materials through image analysis. In particular, the materials that were evaluated consisted of different types/categories of papers/products produced by the industry, namely, molded cellulose products, unbleached kraft papers, barrier papers, one recycled paper, and a laminated paper package. The Macro Stickies Evaluation was carried out using an image analysis tool developed by our research group to perform this kind of work from now on. The results indicated that eight of the processed samples revealed low/residual contents of Macro Stickies, whereas the remaining five revealed higher amounts of Macro Stickies in their surfaces. Of the eight samples showing a low/residual Macro Stickies content, five of them belonged to the unbleached kraft papers category, with an area per mass of Macro Stickies ranging from 8.60 to 29.04 mm<sup>2</sup>/kg. However, the lowest case did not belong to this category, but to the molded cellulose products category with a value of 6.10 mm<sup>2</sup>/kg. Of the five samples showing higher amounts of Macro Stickies, the worst three cases were associated to one of the barrier papers, the recycled paper and the laminated paper, with an area per mass of Macro Stickies of 28,973.42, 6998.56, and 14,058.76 mm<sup>2</sup>/kg, respectively. Macro Stickies can assume different sizes, numbers and distributions depending on the characteristics and nature of each sample, and can be a great concern in the recycling of cellulose-based materials. In this sense, the proper assessment of Macro Stickies provides valuable information for the recycling sector to classify them in the products, and to anticipate which materials might give rise to potential stickies related problems in the recycling process.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/10/2/69CEPI methodologyrecyclingmacro stickiescellulose-based materialsimage analysis |
| spellingShingle | António de O. Mendes Joana C. Vieira Vera L. D. Costa Paula Pinto Belinda Soares Paulo Barata Joana M. R. Curto Maria E. Amaral Ana P. Costa Paulo T. Fiadeiro Macro Stickies Content Evaluation of Different Cellulose-Based Materials Through Image Analysis Recycling CEPI methodology recycling macro stickies cellulose-based materials image analysis |
| title | Macro Stickies Content Evaluation of Different Cellulose-Based Materials Through Image Analysis |
| title_full | Macro Stickies Content Evaluation of Different Cellulose-Based Materials Through Image Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Macro Stickies Content Evaluation of Different Cellulose-Based Materials Through Image Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Macro Stickies Content Evaluation of Different Cellulose-Based Materials Through Image Analysis |
| title_short | Macro Stickies Content Evaluation of Different Cellulose-Based Materials Through Image Analysis |
| title_sort | macro stickies content evaluation of different cellulose based materials through image analysis |
| topic | CEPI methodology recycling macro stickies cellulose-based materials image analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-4321/10/2/69 |
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