Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review
Energetic materials comprise both explosives and propellants. When released to the biosphere, energetics are xenobiotic contaminants which pose toxic hazards to ecosystems, humans, and other biota. Soils worldwide are contaminated by energetic materials from manufacturing operations; military confli...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2012-01-01
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| Series: | Applied and Environmental Soil Science |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/617236 |
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| author | John Pichtel |
| author_facet | John Pichtel |
| author_sort | John Pichtel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Energetic materials comprise both explosives and propellants. When released to the biosphere, energetics are xenobiotic contaminants which pose toxic hazards to ecosystems, humans, and other biota. Soils worldwide are contaminated by energetic materials from manufacturing operations; military conflict; military training activities at firing and impact ranges; and open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) of obsolete munitions. Energetic materials undergo varying degrees of chemical and biochemical transformation depending on the compounds involved and environmental factors. This paper addresses the occurrence of energetic materials in soils including a discussion of their fates after contact with soil. Emphasis is placed on the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and the propellant ingredients nitroglycerin (NG), nitroguanidine (NQ), nitrocellulose (NC), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and perchlorate. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-60e9b98f5890473c94c8d5f969707f69 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1687-7667 1687-7675 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2012-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied and Environmental Soil Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-60e9b98f5890473c94c8d5f969707f692025-02-03T01:31:49ZengWileyApplied and Environmental Soil Science1687-76671687-76752012-01-01201210.1155/2012/617236617236Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A ReviewJohn Pichtel0Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USAEnergetic materials comprise both explosives and propellants. When released to the biosphere, energetics are xenobiotic contaminants which pose toxic hazards to ecosystems, humans, and other biota. Soils worldwide are contaminated by energetic materials from manufacturing operations; military conflict; military training activities at firing and impact ranges; and open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) of obsolete munitions. Energetic materials undergo varying degrees of chemical and biochemical transformation depending on the compounds involved and environmental factors. This paper addresses the occurrence of energetic materials in soils including a discussion of their fates after contact with soil. Emphasis is placed on the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and the propellant ingredients nitroglycerin (NG), nitroguanidine (NQ), nitrocellulose (NC), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and perchlorate.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/617236 |
| spellingShingle | John Pichtel Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review Applied and Environmental Soil Science |
| title | Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review |
| title_full | Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review |
| title_short | Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review |
| title_sort | distribution and fate of military explosives and propellants in soil a review |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/617236 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT johnpichtel distributionandfateofmilitaryexplosivesandpropellantsinsoilareview |