Proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non-equilibrium steady states

Abstract We examine the concept of temperature in non-equilibrium steady states. Using the D3-D5 model of gauge/gravity duality, we investigate spontaneous symmetry breaking in a relativistic (2 + 1)-dimensional defect moving at constant velocity within a (3 + 1)-dimensional heat bath. We find that...

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Main Authors: Shin Nakamura, Fuminori Okabayashi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-08-01
Series:Journal of High Energy Physics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP08(2025)069
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author Shin Nakamura
Fuminori Okabayashi
author_facet Shin Nakamura
Fuminori Okabayashi
author_sort Shin Nakamura
collection DOAJ
description Abstract We examine the concept of temperature in non-equilibrium steady states. Using the D3-D5 model of gauge/gravity duality, we investigate spontaneous symmetry breaking in a relativistic (2 + 1)-dimensional defect moving at constant velocity within a (3 + 1)-dimensional heat bath. We find that the dependence of the order parameter on both the heat bath temperature and the defect velocity can be captured by a single variable — the proper effective temperature — for the moving defect. Our results suggest that the proper effective temperature is an essential parameter for a class of relativistic non-equilibrium steady states.
format Article
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institution Kabale University
issn 1029-8479
language English
publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher SpringerOpen
record_format Article
series Journal of High Energy Physics
spelling doaj-art-60421cdbfa8447bfbc966470dc3886e82025-08-20T03:42:26ZengSpringerOpenJournal of High Energy Physics1029-84792025-08-012025811510.1007/JHEP08(2025)069Proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non-equilibrium steady statesShin Nakamura0Fuminori Okabayashi1Department of Physics, Chuo UniversityDepartment of Physics, Chuo UniversityAbstract We examine the concept of temperature in non-equilibrium steady states. Using the D3-D5 model of gauge/gravity duality, we investigate spontaneous symmetry breaking in a relativistic (2 + 1)-dimensional defect moving at constant velocity within a (3 + 1)-dimensional heat bath. We find that the dependence of the order parameter on both the heat bath temperature and the defect velocity can be captured by a single variable — the proper effective temperature — for the moving defect. Our results suggest that the proper effective temperature is an essential parameter for a class of relativistic non-equilibrium steady states.https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP08(2025)069Holography and Condensed Matter Physics (AdS/CMT)AdS-CFT CorrespondenceGauge-Gravity Correspondence
spellingShingle Shin Nakamura
Fuminori Okabayashi
Proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non-equilibrium steady states
Journal of High Energy Physics
Holography and Condensed Matter Physics (AdS/CMT)
AdS-CFT Correspondence
Gauge-Gravity Correspondence
title Proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non-equilibrium steady states
title_full Proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non-equilibrium steady states
title_fullStr Proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non-equilibrium steady states
title_full_unstemmed Proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non-equilibrium steady states
title_short Proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non-equilibrium steady states
title_sort proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non equilibrium steady states
topic Holography and Condensed Matter Physics (AdS/CMT)
AdS-CFT Correspondence
Gauge-Gravity Correspondence
url https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP08(2025)069
work_keys_str_mv AT shinnakamura propereffectivetemperatureandorderparametersinrelativisticnonequilibriumsteadystates
AT fuminoriokabayashi propereffectivetemperatureandorderparametersinrelativisticnonequilibriumsteadystates