Optimized Temporal Interference Stimulation Based on Convex Optimization: A Computational Study

Temporal interference (TI) stimulation is a non-invasive method targeting deep brain regions by applying two pairs of high-frequency currents with a slight frequency difference to the scalp. However, optimizing electrode configurations for TI via computational modeling is challenging and time-consum...

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Main Authors: Chao Geng, Yang Li, Long Li, Xiaoqi Zhu, Xiaohan Hou, Tian Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10951111/
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author Chao Geng
Yang Li
Long Li
Xiaoqi Zhu
Xiaohan Hou
Tian Liu
author_facet Chao Geng
Yang Li
Long Li
Xiaoqi Zhu
Xiaohan Hou
Tian Liu
author_sort Chao Geng
collection DOAJ
description Temporal interference (TI) stimulation is a non-invasive method targeting deep brain regions by applying two pairs of high-frequency currents with a slight frequency difference to the scalp. However, optimizing electrode configurations for TI via computational modeling is challenging and time-consuming due to the non-convex nature of the optimization. We propose a convex optimization-based method (CVXTI) for optimizing TI electrode configurations. We decompose the TI optimization into two convex steps, enabling rapid determination of electrode pair configurations. CVXTI accommodates various optimization objectives by incorporating different objective functions, thereby enhancing the focality of the stimulation field. Performance analysis of CVXTI shows superior results compared to other methods, particularly in deep brain regions. Subject variability analysis on four individuals highlights the necessity of customized stimulus optimization. CVXTI leverages the distribution characteristics of the TI envelope electric field to optimize electrode configurations, enhancing the optimization efficiency.
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institution DOAJ
issn 1534-4320
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language English
publishDate 2025-01-01
publisher IEEE
record_format Article
series IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
spelling doaj-art-5ff36bb2fd544705a0356b8705d2c8aa2025-08-20T03:18:13ZengIEEEIEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering1534-43201558-02102025-01-01331400141010.1109/TNSRE.2025.355830610951111Optimized Temporal Interference Stimulation Based on Convex Optimization: A Computational StudyChao Geng0Yang Li1Long Li2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5097-5733Xiaoqi Zhu3Xiaohan Hou4Tian Liu5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8944-6305Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, ChinaKey Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, ChinaKey Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, ChinaKey Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, ChinaWeiyang College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, ChinaTemporal interference (TI) stimulation is a non-invasive method targeting deep brain regions by applying two pairs of high-frequency currents with a slight frequency difference to the scalp. However, optimizing electrode configurations for TI via computational modeling is challenging and time-consuming due to the non-convex nature of the optimization. We propose a convex optimization-based method (CVXTI) for optimizing TI electrode configurations. We decompose the TI optimization into two convex steps, enabling rapid determination of electrode pair configurations. CVXTI accommodates various optimization objectives by incorporating different objective functions, thereby enhancing the focality of the stimulation field. Performance analysis of CVXTI shows superior results compared to other methods, particularly in deep brain regions. Subject variability analysis on four individuals highlights the necessity of customized stimulus optimization. CVXTI leverages the distribution characteristics of the TI envelope electric field to optimize electrode configurations, enhancing the optimization efficiency.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10951111/Temporal interference (TI) stimulationoptimizationnoninvasive brain stimulationfinite element method
spellingShingle Chao Geng
Yang Li
Long Li
Xiaoqi Zhu
Xiaohan Hou
Tian Liu
Optimized Temporal Interference Stimulation Based on Convex Optimization: A Computational Study
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
Temporal interference (TI) stimulation
optimization
noninvasive brain stimulation
finite element method
title Optimized Temporal Interference Stimulation Based on Convex Optimization: A Computational Study
title_full Optimized Temporal Interference Stimulation Based on Convex Optimization: A Computational Study
title_fullStr Optimized Temporal Interference Stimulation Based on Convex Optimization: A Computational Study
title_full_unstemmed Optimized Temporal Interference Stimulation Based on Convex Optimization: A Computational Study
title_short Optimized Temporal Interference Stimulation Based on Convex Optimization: A Computational Study
title_sort optimized temporal interference stimulation based on convex optimization a computational study
topic Temporal interference (TI) stimulation
optimization
noninvasive brain stimulation
finite element method
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10951111/
work_keys_str_mv AT chaogeng optimizedtemporalinterferencestimulationbasedonconvexoptimizationacomputationalstudy
AT yangli optimizedtemporalinterferencestimulationbasedonconvexoptimizationacomputationalstudy
AT longli optimizedtemporalinterferencestimulationbasedonconvexoptimizationacomputationalstudy
AT xiaoqizhu optimizedtemporalinterferencestimulationbasedonconvexoptimizationacomputationalstudy
AT xiaohanhou optimizedtemporalinterferencestimulationbasedonconvexoptimizationacomputationalstudy
AT tianliu optimizedtemporalinterferencestimulationbasedonconvexoptimizationacomputationalstudy