Ecological resources of a heavily modified and utilised temperate coastal embayment: Cockburn Sound

Coastal environments and their associated biota provide numerous environmental, economic and societal services. Cockburn Sound, a temperate embayment on the lower west coast of Western Australia, is immensely important for the State and adjacent capital city of Perth. However, urbanisation and assoc...

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Main Authors: Peter J. Mitchell, Daniel E. Yeoh, Kurt N. Krispyn, Claire N. Greenwell, Sorcha Cronin-O’Reilly, Delphine B.H. Chabanne, Glenn A. Hyndes, Danielle Johnston, David V. Fairclough, Claire Wellington, Alan Cottingham, Gary Jackson, Jeffrey V. Norriss, Matias Braccini, Hector Lozano-Montes, Chandra P. Salgado Kent, Erin Clitheroe, Alissa Tate, James W. Penn, Marion Massam, Neil R. Loneragan, James R. Tweedley
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Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-06-01
Series:Frontiers in Marine Science
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1563654/full
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author Peter J. Mitchell
Daniel E. Yeoh
Kurt N. Krispyn
Claire N. Greenwell
Sorcha Cronin-O’Reilly
Delphine B.H. Chabanne
Glenn A. Hyndes
Danielle Johnston
David V. Fairclough
Claire Wellington
Alan Cottingham
Gary Jackson
Jeffrey V. Norriss
Matias Braccini
Hector Lozano-Montes
Chandra P. Salgado Kent
Erin Clitheroe
Alissa Tate
James W. Penn
Marion Massam
Neil R. Loneragan
James R. Tweedley
author_facet Peter J. Mitchell
Daniel E. Yeoh
Kurt N. Krispyn
Claire N. Greenwell
Sorcha Cronin-O’Reilly
Delphine B.H. Chabanne
Glenn A. Hyndes
Danielle Johnston
David V. Fairclough
Claire Wellington
Alan Cottingham
Gary Jackson
Jeffrey V. Norriss
Matias Braccini
Hector Lozano-Montes
Chandra P. Salgado Kent
Erin Clitheroe
Alissa Tate
James W. Penn
Marion Massam
Neil R. Loneragan
James R. Tweedley
author_sort Peter J. Mitchell
collection DOAJ
description Coastal environments and their associated biota provide numerous environmental, economic and societal services. Cockburn Sound, a temperate embayment on the lower west coast of Western Australia, is immensely important for the State and adjacent capital city of Perth. However, urbanisation and associated terrestrial and marine development has the potential to threaten this important ecosystem. This study collated published and unpublished data to review the current state of the ecological resources of Cockburn Sound and describe how they have changed over the past century. Post-WWII, the embayment began undergoing pronounced anthropogenic changes that limited oceanic water exchange, increased nutrient load, modified benthic habitats and increased fishing pressure. The most visual outcome of these changes was substantial eutrophication and the loss of 77% of seagrass habitats. However, the increased primary productivity from elevated nutrient inputs produced high commercial fishery yields of up to ~1,700 t in the early 1990s before improved wastewater regulation and restricted fishing access steadily reduced commercial catches to ~300 t in recent years. Despite substantial anthropogenic-induced changes, Cockburn Sound has remained a diverse and ecologically important area. For example, the embayment is a key spawning area for large aggregations of Snapper, is a breeding and feeding site for seventeen marine bird species (including Little Penguins) and, is frequented by numerous protected species such as pinnipeds, dolphins, and White and Grey Nurse sharks. In recent decades, numerous projects have been initiated to restore parts of Cockburn Sound with mixed success, including seagrass transplantation, deployment of artificial reefs and stocking of key fish species, mainly Snapper. Nevertheless, while still biodiverse, there are signs of considerable ecological stress from escalating anthropogenic pressures and the cumulative impacts of ongoing and future developments, including climate change, which may severely impact the functioning of this important ecosystem.
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spelling doaj-art-5ff29b34331b47f083d62816a6717fa02025-08-20T02:07:41ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452025-06-011210.3389/fmars.2025.15636541563654Ecological resources of a heavily modified and utilised temperate coastal embayment: Cockburn SoundPeter J. Mitchell0Daniel E. Yeoh1Kurt N. Krispyn2Claire N. Greenwell3Sorcha Cronin-O’Reilly4Delphine B.H. Chabanne5Glenn A. Hyndes6Danielle Johnston7David V. Fairclough8Claire Wellington9Alan Cottingham10Gary Jackson11Jeffrey V. Norriss12Matias Braccini13Hector Lozano-Montes14Chandra P. Salgado Kent15Erin Clitheroe16Alissa Tate17James W. Penn18Marion Massam19Neil R. Loneragan20James R. Tweedley21Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaWestern Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaCentre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, AustraliaCentre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, AustraliaCentre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, AustraliaCentre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, AustraliaCentre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, AustraliaWestern Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaWestern Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaWestern Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaCentre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, AustraliaWestern Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaWestern Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaWestern Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaCentre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, AustraliaCentre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, AustraliaCentre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, AustraliaWestern Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaWestern Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaWestern Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, AustraliaCentre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, AustraliaCentre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, AustraliaCoastal environments and their associated biota provide numerous environmental, economic and societal services. Cockburn Sound, a temperate embayment on the lower west coast of Western Australia, is immensely important for the State and adjacent capital city of Perth. However, urbanisation and associated terrestrial and marine development has the potential to threaten this important ecosystem. This study collated published and unpublished data to review the current state of the ecological resources of Cockburn Sound and describe how they have changed over the past century. Post-WWII, the embayment began undergoing pronounced anthropogenic changes that limited oceanic water exchange, increased nutrient load, modified benthic habitats and increased fishing pressure. The most visual outcome of these changes was substantial eutrophication and the loss of 77% of seagrass habitats. However, the increased primary productivity from elevated nutrient inputs produced high commercial fishery yields of up to ~1,700 t in the early 1990s before improved wastewater regulation and restricted fishing access steadily reduced commercial catches to ~300 t in recent years. Despite substantial anthropogenic-induced changes, Cockburn Sound has remained a diverse and ecologically important area. For example, the embayment is a key spawning area for large aggregations of Snapper, is a breeding and feeding site for seventeen marine bird species (including Little Penguins) and, is frequented by numerous protected species such as pinnipeds, dolphins, and White and Grey Nurse sharks. In recent decades, numerous projects have been initiated to restore parts of Cockburn Sound with mixed success, including seagrass transplantation, deployment of artificial reefs and stocking of key fish species, mainly Snapper. Nevertheless, while still biodiverse, there are signs of considerable ecological stress from escalating anthropogenic pressures and the cumulative impacts of ongoing and future developments, including climate change, which may severely impact the functioning of this important ecosystem.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1563654/fullanthropogenic developmentbiodiversityecosystem changeeutrophicationfisheriesindustry
spellingShingle Peter J. Mitchell
Daniel E. Yeoh
Kurt N. Krispyn
Claire N. Greenwell
Sorcha Cronin-O’Reilly
Delphine B.H. Chabanne
Glenn A. Hyndes
Danielle Johnston
David V. Fairclough
Claire Wellington
Alan Cottingham
Gary Jackson
Jeffrey V. Norriss
Matias Braccini
Hector Lozano-Montes
Chandra P. Salgado Kent
Erin Clitheroe
Alissa Tate
James W. Penn
Marion Massam
Neil R. Loneragan
James R. Tweedley
Ecological resources of a heavily modified and utilised temperate coastal embayment: Cockburn Sound
Frontiers in Marine Science
anthropogenic development
biodiversity
ecosystem change
eutrophication
fisheries
industry
title Ecological resources of a heavily modified and utilised temperate coastal embayment: Cockburn Sound
title_full Ecological resources of a heavily modified and utilised temperate coastal embayment: Cockburn Sound
title_fullStr Ecological resources of a heavily modified and utilised temperate coastal embayment: Cockburn Sound
title_full_unstemmed Ecological resources of a heavily modified and utilised temperate coastal embayment: Cockburn Sound
title_short Ecological resources of a heavily modified and utilised temperate coastal embayment: Cockburn Sound
title_sort ecological resources of a heavily modified and utilised temperate coastal embayment cockburn sound
topic anthropogenic development
biodiversity
ecosystem change
eutrophication
fisheries
industry
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1563654/full
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