Efficiency and sustainability in rice production across Indian states

Low profits, over-exploitation of groundwater, and poor soil health have threatened rice production in India. Data for this study were gathered from various ministries of the Government of India. The state-wise cost of cultivation data on rice for the period 1990–91 to 2021–22 was used to analyse pr...

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Main Authors: Parshuram Samal, Debdutt Behura, Bijaya Kumar Prusty, Sarba Narayan Mishra
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IOP Publishing 2025-01-01
Series:Environmental Research: Food Systems
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1088/2976-601X/add301
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author Parshuram Samal
Debdutt Behura
Bijaya Kumar Prusty
Sarba Narayan Mishra
author_facet Parshuram Samal
Debdutt Behura
Bijaya Kumar Prusty
Sarba Narayan Mishra
author_sort Parshuram Samal
collection DOAJ
description Low profits, over-exploitation of groundwater, and poor soil health have threatened rice production in India. Data for this study were gathered from various ministries of the Government of India. The state-wise cost of cultivation data on rice for the period 1990–91 to 2021–22 was used to analyse profits from rice cultivation, price realization by farmers, and trends in input use. The log-linear functional form was used to study the trends in profits and input use. The input use trend revealed that machine labour, fertilizer, and pesticide use have increased, while animal labour, human labour, and manure use have decreased significantly in rice cultivation. The return from rice cultivation is either low or negative in eastern, northeastern, and western states in comparison to states like Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab. The support price is not effective in the eastern and northeastern region states and in the state of Maharashtra, leading to negative returns. There were unsustainable uses of groundwater in many irrigated areas. Technological and policy-related strategies are discussed to increase yield and profits in rice cultivation while maintaining soil health and preventing depletion of the groundwater table in different regions of India.
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series Environmental Research: Food Systems
spelling doaj-art-5fe09a84fe2d48beb5446cc4e729a8b72025-08-20T03:10:25ZengIOP PublishingEnvironmental Research: Food Systems2976-601X2025-01-012202500810.1088/2976-601X/add301Efficiency and sustainability in rice production across Indian statesParshuram Samal0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7034-8545Debdutt Behura1Bijaya Kumar Prusty2Sarba Narayan Mishra3Social Sciences Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute , Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Agribusiness Management, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology , Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, IndiaDirectorate of Marketing & Inspection, Department of Agriculture , Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India, CGO Complex, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology , Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, IndiaLow profits, over-exploitation of groundwater, and poor soil health have threatened rice production in India. Data for this study were gathered from various ministries of the Government of India. The state-wise cost of cultivation data on rice for the period 1990–91 to 2021–22 was used to analyse profits from rice cultivation, price realization by farmers, and trends in input use. The log-linear functional form was used to study the trends in profits and input use. The input use trend revealed that machine labour, fertilizer, and pesticide use have increased, while animal labour, human labour, and manure use have decreased significantly in rice cultivation. The return from rice cultivation is either low or negative in eastern, northeastern, and western states in comparison to states like Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab. The support price is not effective in the eastern and northeastern region states and in the state of Maharashtra, leading to negative returns. There were unsustainable uses of groundwater in many irrigated areas. Technological and policy-related strategies are discussed to increase yield and profits in rice cultivation while maintaining soil health and preventing depletion of the groundwater table in different regions of India.https://doi.org/10.1088/2976-601X/add301riceprofitabilitysustainabilityIndia
spellingShingle Parshuram Samal
Debdutt Behura
Bijaya Kumar Prusty
Sarba Narayan Mishra
Efficiency and sustainability in rice production across Indian states
Environmental Research: Food Systems
rice
profitability
sustainability
India
title Efficiency and sustainability in rice production across Indian states
title_full Efficiency and sustainability in rice production across Indian states
title_fullStr Efficiency and sustainability in rice production across Indian states
title_full_unstemmed Efficiency and sustainability in rice production across Indian states
title_short Efficiency and sustainability in rice production across Indian states
title_sort efficiency and sustainability in rice production across indian states
topic rice
profitability
sustainability
India
url https://doi.org/10.1088/2976-601X/add301
work_keys_str_mv AT parshuramsamal efficiencyandsustainabilityinriceproductionacrossindianstates
AT debduttbehura efficiencyandsustainabilityinriceproductionacrossindianstates
AT bijayakumarprusty efficiencyandsustainabilityinriceproductionacrossindianstates
AT sarbanarayanmishra efficiencyandsustainabilityinriceproductionacrossindianstates