Assessing phosphate sorption by soils: toward resolving the issues

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient and also a potential environmental pollutant, which makes its proper management an ongoing issue. Orthophosphate (PO4) may be the most important form of soil P, and its partitioning between the solid and the aqueous phase is an index of bioavail...

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Main Authors: Paul J. Milham, Paul Holford, Natasha Carlson-Perret, R. John Morrison, Deirdre Harvey, Karl O. Andersson, Lucy L. Burkitt, Damian Collins, Warwick Dougherty, Anthony M. Haigh, Murray C. Hannah, Joel Tellinghuisen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-05-01
Series:Discover Soil
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44378-025-00059-y
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author Paul J. Milham
Paul Holford
Natasha Carlson-Perret
R. John Morrison
Deirdre Harvey
Karl O. Andersson
Lucy L. Burkitt
Damian Collins
Warwick Dougherty
Anthony M. Haigh
Murray C. Hannah
Joel Tellinghuisen
author_facet Paul J. Milham
Paul Holford
Natasha Carlson-Perret
R. John Morrison
Deirdre Harvey
Karl O. Andersson
Lucy L. Burkitt
Damian Collins
Warwick Dougherty
Anthony M. Haigh
Murray C. Hannah
Joel Tellinghuisen
author_sort Paul J. Milham
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient and also a potential environmental pollutant, which makes its proper management an ongoing issue. Orthophosphate (PO4) may be the most important form of soil P, and its partitioning between the solid and the aqueous phase is an index of bioavailability and environmental pollution. This process is the basis of laboratory sorption studies in which various amounts of PO4 are spiked into soil suspensions, pseudoequilibrium residual concentrations (C) are measured using molybdate (MRP), and the sorbed PO4 (S) is estimated by difference. The partitioning can be described by the Freundlich equation: S = a C b , where a and b are fitted coefficients. In many soils, some natural or legacy PO4 (Q) is already present, which decreases the sorption of additional PO4, requiring the Freundlich equation to be modified to S = a C b – Q. It is claimed that Q can be estimated by least-squares fitting; however, there are questions over these estimates and discrepancies are reported between Q and the pool of exchangeable P (PE). The relation of our Q and PE values suggests a likely physical significance of the Q estimates. Regardless, both Q and PE have limited accessibility, prompting us to examine six readily accessible soil assays as surrogates for PE. All P assays increased with added fertiliser P and several appear promising alternatives to PE, e.g., our PE values can be estimated within ~ 6% by scaling the 1 g/100 mL 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate MRP estimates by 0.31. Should this relation apply more widely it would assist land managers estimate P fertiliser requirements and environmental risk. Lastly, filterable soil colloids contain P and the extent to which this inflates the MRP values is unknown.
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spelling doaj-art-5fb8a4250d7940fd9e19c43776d5beac2025-08-20T01:52:03ZengSpringerDiscover Soil3005-12232025-05-012111010.1007/s44378-025-00059-yAssessing phosphate sorption by soils: toward resolving the issuesPaul J. Milham0Paul Holford1Natasha Carlson-Perret2R. John Morrison3Deirdre Harvey4Karl O. Andersson5Lucy L. Burkitt6Damian Collins7Warwick Dougherty8Anthony M. Haigh9Murray C. Hannah10Joel Tellinghuisen11Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney UniversitySchool of Science, Western Sydney UniversitySchool of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of WollongongSchool of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of WollongongNew South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural InstituteNSW Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentFarmed Landscapes Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey UniversityNew South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural InstituteNew South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural InstituteSchool of Science, Western Sydney UniversityDepartment of Jobs, Precincts and RegionsDepartment of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityAbstract Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient and also a potential environmental pollutant, which makes its proper management an ongoing issue. Orthophosphate (PO4) may be the most important form of soil P, and its partitioning between the solid and the aqueous phase is an index of bioavailability and environmental pollution. This process is the basis of laboratory sorption studies in which various amounts of PO4 are spiked into soil suspensions, pseudoequilibrium residual concentrations (C) are measured using molybdate (MRP), and the sorbed PO4 (S) is estimated by difference. The partitioning can be described by the Freundlich equation: S = a C b , where a and b are fitted coefficients. In many soils, some natural or legacy PO4 (Q) is already present, which decreases the sorption of additional PO4, requiring the Freundlich equation to be modified to S = a C b – Q. It is claimed that Q can be estimated by least-squares fitting; however, there are questions over these estimates and discrepancies are reported between Q and the pool of exchangeable P (PE). The relation of our Q and PE values suggests a likely physical significance of the Q estimates. Regardless, both Q and PE have limited accessibility, prompting us to examine six readily accessible soil assays as surrogates for PE. All P assays increased with added fertiliser P and several appear promising alternatives to PE, e.g., our PE values can be estimated within ~ 6% by scaling the 1 g/100 mL 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate MRP estimates by 0.31. Should this relation apply more widely it would assist land managers estimate P fertiliser requirements and environmental risk. Lastly, filterable soil colloids contain P and the extent to which this inflates the MRP values is unknown.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44378-025-00059-yOrthophosphate soil sorptionSoil P assaysFreundlich sorption modelEstimating presorbed soil phosphateExchangeable soil P
spellingShingle Paul J. Milham
Paul Holford
Natasha Carlson-Perret
R. John Morrison
Deirdre Harvey
Karl O. Andersson
Lucy L. Burkitt
Damian Collins
Warwick Dougherty
Anthony M. Haigh
Murray C. Hannah
Joel Tellinghuisen
Assessing phosphate sorption by soils: toward resolving the issues
Discover Soil
Orthophosphate soil sorption
Soil P assays
Freundlich sorption model
Estimating presorbed soil phosphate
Exchangeable soil P
title Assessing phosphate sorption by soils: toward resolving the issues
title_full Assessing phosphate sorption by soils: toward resolving the issues
title_fullStr Assessing phosphate sorption by soils: toward resolving the issues
title_full_unstemmed Assessing phosphate sorption by soils: toward resolving the issues
title_short Assessing phosphate sorption by soils: toward resolving the issues
title_sort assessing phosphate sorption by soils toward resolving the issues
topic Orthophosphate soil sorption
Soil P assays
Freundlich sorption model
Estimating presorbed soil phosphate
Exchangeable soil P
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44378-025-00059-y
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