The recent advances in vaccine adjuvants
Vaccine adjuvants, as key components in enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, play a vital role in modern vaccinology. This review systematically examines the historical evolution and mechanisms of vaccine adjuvants, with particular emphasis on innovative advancements in aluminum-based adjuvants, emulsi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1557415/full |
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| author | Jiayin Xing Xiangxiang Zhao Xiaotian Li Ren Fang Mingrui Sun Yang Zhang Ningning Song |
| author_facet | Jiayin Xing Xiangxiang Zhao Xiaotian Li Ren Fang Mingrui Sun Yang Zhang Ningning Song |
| author_sort | Jiayin Xing |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vaccine adjuvants, as key components in enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, play a vital role in modern vaccinology. This review systematically examines the historical evolution and mechanisms of vaccine adjuvants, with particular emphasis on innovative advancements in aluminum-based adjuvants, emulsion-based adjuvants, and nucleic acid adjuvants (e.g., CpG oligonucleotides). Specifically, aluminum adjuvants enhance immune responses through particle formation/antigen adsorption, inflammatory cascade activation, and T-cell stimulation. Emulsion adjuvants amplify immunogenicity via antigen depot effects and localized inflammation, while nucleic acid adjuvants like CpG oligonucleotides directly activate B cells and dendritic cells to promote Th1-type immune responses and memory T-cell generation. The article further explores the prospective applications of these novel adjuvants in combating emerging pathogens (including influenza and SARS-CoV-2), particularly highlighting their significance in improving vaccine potency and durability. Moreover, this review underscores the critical importance of adjuvant development in next-generation vaccine design and provides theoretical foundations for creating safer, effective adjuvant. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5ef2f73648734c7581a835dff84e948c |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-5ef2f73648734c7581a835dff84e948c2025-08-20T02:15:24ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-05-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.15574151557415The recent advances in vaccine adjuvantsJiayin XingXiangxiang ZhaoXiaotian LiRen FangMingrui SunYang ZhangNingning SongVaccine adjuvants, as key components in enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, play a vital role in modern vaccinology. This review systematically examines the historical evolution and mechanisms of vaccine adjuvants, with particular emphasis on innovative advancements in aluminum-based adjuvants, emulsion-based adjuvants, and nucleic acid adjuvants (e.g., CpG oligonucleotides). Specifically, aluminum adjuvants enhance immune responses through particle formation/antigen adsorption, inflammatory cascade activation, and T-cell stimulation. Emulsion adjuvants amplify immunogenicity via antigen depot effects and localized inflammation, while nucleic acid adjuvants like CpG oligonucleotides directly activate B cells and dendritic cells to promote Th1-type immune responses and memory T-cell generation. The article further explores the prospective applications of these novel adjuvants in combating emerging pathogens (including influenza and SARS-CoV-2), particularly highlighting their significance in improving vaccine potency and durability. Moreover, this review underscores the critical importance of adjuvant development in next-generation vaccine design and provides theoretical foundations for creating safer, effective adjuvant.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1557415/fulladjuvantsdelivery systemsimmunostimulantsvaccinecombinatorial adjuvant strategies |
| spellingShingle | Jiayin Xing Xiangxiang Zhao Xiaotian Li Ren Fang Mingrui Sun Yang Zhang Ningning Song The recent advances in vaccine adjuvants Frontiers in Immunology adjuvants delivery systems immunostimulants vaccine combinatorial adjuvant strategies |
| title | The recent advances in vaccine adjuvants |
| title_full | The recent advances in vaccine adjuvants |
| title_fullStr | The recent advances in vaccine adjuvants |
| title_full_unstemmed | The recent advances in vaccine adjuvants |
| title_short | The recent advances in vaccine adjuvants |
| title_sort | recent advances in vaccine adjuvants |
| topic | adjuvants delivery systems immunostimulants vaccine combinatorial adjuvant strategies |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1557415/full |
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