Damage Limit Velocity and Fracture Patterns in Single Glass Plates Impacted by Steel Balls of Varying Diameters
Slingshots, traditionally viewed as children’s toys, have recently been modified for malicious purposes, including firing steel balls at building windows, causing significant damage. This misuse necessitates the development of methods to estimate impact velocity and launch point based on glass damag...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/1/386 |
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| author | Sanghee Kim Ju-Hyun Mun Saehan Park Changho Choi Seongwon Hong |
| author_facet | Sanghee Kim Ju-Hyun Mun Saehan Park Changho Choi Seongwon Hong |
| author_sort | Sanghee Kim |
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| description | Slingshots, traditionally viewed as children’s toys, have recently been modified for malicious purposes, including firing steel balls at building windows, causing significant damage. This misuse necessitates the development of methods to estimate impact velocity and launch point based on glass damage patterns at incident scenes. To achieve this, a comprehensive database correlating glass damage shapes with steel ball diameters is essential. This study conducted experiments to investigate the damage patterns of 5 mm thick glass upon impact with 8 mm and 10 mm steel balls. The damage limit velocities for 8 mm and 10 mm steel balls to cause damage to 5 mm glass were approximately 40 m/s and 21 m/s, respectively. Glass damage was categorized into two types: cone cracks and perforated holes. While cone crack patterns were similar for both 8 mm and 10 mm steel balls, perforation patterns exhibited distinct tendencies. Consequently, the impact velocity of each steel ball can be estimated based on the size of the perforated hole. However, determining the steel ball diameter solely from the size of the cone crack and perforated hole remains challenging. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5eed4680208f49caa9d1de63047fd382 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-5eed4680208f49caa9d1de63047fd3822025-01-10T13:15:23ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-01-0115138610.3390/app15010386Damage Limit Velocity and Fracture Patterns in Single Glass Plates Impacted by Steel Balls of Varying DiametersSanghee Kim0Ju-Hyun Mun1Saehan Park2Changho Choi3Seongwon Hong4Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of KoreaDivision of Forensic Engineering, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26460, Republic of KoreaDivision of Forensic Engineering, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26460, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Safety Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of KoreaSlingshots, traditionally viewed as children’s toys, have recently been modified for malicious purposes, including firing steel balls at building windows, causing significant damage. This misuse necessitates the development of methods to estimate impact velocity and launch point based on glass damage patterns at incident scenes. To achieve this, a comprehensive database correlating glass damage shapes with steel ball diameters is essential. This study conducted experiments to investigate the damage patterns of 5 mm thick glass upon impact with 8 mm and 10 mm steel balls. The damage limit velocities for 8 mm and 10 mm steel balls to cause damage to 5 mm glass were approximately 40 m/s and 21 m/s, respectively. Glass damage was categorized into two types: cone cracks and perforated holes. While cone crack patterns were similar for both 8 mm and 10 mm steel balls, perforation patterns exhibited distinct tendencies. Consequently, the impact velocity of each steel ball can be estimated based on the size of the perforated hole. However, determining the steel ball diameter solely from the size of the cone crack and perforated hole remains challenging.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/1/386glassimpactslingshotsteel balldamage patterndamage limit velocity |
| spellingShingle | Sanghee Kim Ju-Hyun Mun Saehan Park Changho Choi Seongwon Hong Damage Limit Velocity and Fracture Patterns in Single Glass Plates Impacted by Steel Balls of Varying Diameters Applied Sciences glass impact slingshot steel ball damage pattern damage limit velocity |
| title | Damage Limit Velocity and Fracture Patterns in Single Glass Plates Impacted by Steel Balls of Varying Diameters |
| title_full | Damage Limit Velocity and Fracture Patterns in Single Glass Plates Impacted by Steel Balls of Varying Diameters |
| title_fullStr | Damage Limit Velocity and Fracture Patterns in Single Glass Plates Impacted by Steel Balls of Varying Diameters |
| title_full_unstemmed | Damage Limit Velocity and Fracture Patterns in Single Glass Plates Impacted by Steel Balls of Varying Diameters |
| title_short | Damage Limit Velocity and Fracture Patterns in Single Glass Plates Impacted by Steel Balls of Varying Diameters |
| title_sort | damage limit velocity and fracture patterns in single glass plates impacted by steel balls of varying diameters |
| topic | glass impact slingshot steel ball damage pattern damage limit velocity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/1/386 |
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