Aminoguanidine hemisulfate improves mitochondrial autophagy, oxidative stress, and muscle force in Duchenne muscular dystrophy via the AKT/FOXO1 pathway in mdx mice
Abstract Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a prevalent, fatal degenerative muscle disease with no effective treatments. Mdx mouse model of DMD exhibits impaired muscle performance, oxidative stress, and dysfunctional autophagy. Although antioxidant treatments may improve the mdx phenot...
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BMC
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Skeletal Muscle |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-024-00371-1 |
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| author | Shiyue Sun Tongtong Yu Joo Young Huh Yujie Cai Somy Yoon Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad Javaid |
| author_facet | Shiyue Sun Tongtong Yu Joo Young Huh Yujie Cai Somy Yoon Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad Javaid |
| author_sort | Shiyue Sun |
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| description | Abstract Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a prevalent, fatal degenerative muscle disease with no effective treatments. Mdx mouse model of DMD exhibits impaired muscle performance, oxidative stress, and dysfunctional autophagy. Although antioxidant treatments may improve the mdx phenotype, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates the effects of aminoguanidine hemisulfate (AGH), an inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS), on mitochondrial autophagy, oxidative stress, and muscle force in mdx mice. Methods Male wild-type (WT) and mdx mice were divided into three groups: WT, mdx, and AGH-treated mdx mice (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally for two weeks) at 6 weeks of age. Gene expression, western blotting, H&E staining, immunofluorescence, ROS assays, TUNEL apoptosis, glutathione activity, and muscle force measurements were performed. Statistical comparisons used one-way ANOVA. Results AGH treatment significantly reduced the protein levels of LC3, and p62 in mdx mice, indicating improved autophagy activity and the ability to clear damaged mitochondria. AGH restored the expression of mitophagy-related genes Pink1 and Parkin and increased Mfn1, rebalancing mitochondrial dynamics. It also increased Pgc1α and mtTFA levels, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. ROS levels were reduced, with higher Prdx3 and MnSOD expression, improving mitochondrial antioxidant defenses. AGH normalized the GSSG/GSH ratio and decreased glutathione reductase and peroxidase activities, further improving redox homeostasis. Additionally, AGH reduced apoptosis, shown by fewer TUNEL-positive cells and lower caspase-3 expression. Histological analysis revealed decreased muscle damage and fewer embryonic and neonatal myosin-expressing fibers. AGH altered fiber composition, decreasing MyH7 while increasing MyH4 and MyH2. Muscle force improved significantly, with greater twitch and tetanic forces. Mechanistically, AGH modulated the AKT/FOXO1 pathway, decreasing myogenin and Foxo1 while increasing MyoD. Conclusions AGH treatment restored mitochondrial autophagy, reduced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and altered muscle fiber composition via the AKT/FOXO1 pathway, collectively improving muscle force in mdx mice. We propose AGH as a potential therapeutic strategy for DMD and related muscle disorders. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5e668c9569db4a9a9054305f651266ea |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2044-5040 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Skeletal Muscle |
| spelling | doaj-art-5e668c9569db4a9a9054305f651266ea2025-01-19T12:43:37ZengBMCSkeletal Muscle2044-50402025-01-0115111510.1186/s13395-024-00371-1Aminoguanidine hemisulfate improves mitochondrial autophagy, oxidative stress, and muscle force in Duchenne muscular dystrophy via the AKT/FOXO1 pathway in mdx miceShiyue Sun0Tongtong Yu1Joo Young Huh2Yujie Cai3Somy Yoon4Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad Javaid5College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National UniversityDepartment of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityCollege of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang UniversityDepartment of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityCollege of Pharmacy, Chonnam National UniversityDepartment of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityAbstract Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a prevalent, fatal degenerative muscle disease with no effective treatments. Mdx mouse model of DMD exhibits impaired muscle performance, oxidative stress, and dysfunctional autophagy. Although antioxidant treatments may improve the mdx phenotype, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates the effects of aminoguanidine hemisulfate (AGH), an inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS), on mitochondrial autophagy, oxidative stress, and muscle force in mdx mice. Methods Male wild-type (WT) and mdx mice were divided into three groups: WT, mdx, and AGH-treated mdx mice (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally for two weeks) at 6 weeks of age. Gene expression, western blotting, H&E staining, immunofluorescence, ROS assays, TUNEL apoptosis, glutathione activity, and muscle force measurements were performed. Statistical comparisons used one-way ANOVA. Results AGH treatment significantly reduced the protein levels of LC3, and p62 in mdx mice, indicating improved autophagy activity and the ability to clear damaged mitochondria. AGH restored the expression of mitophagy-related genes Pink1 and Parkin and increased Mfn1, rebalancing mitochondrial dynamics. It also increased Pgc1α and mtTFA levels, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. ROS levels were reduced, with higher Prdx3 and MnSOD expression, improving mitochondrial antioxidant defenses. AGH normalized the GSSG/GSH ratio and decreased glutathione reductase and peroxidase activities, further improving redox homeostasis. Additionally, AGH reduced apoptosis, shown by fewer TUNEL-positive cells and lower caspase-3 expression. Histological analysis revealed decreased muscle damage and fewer embryonic and neonatal myosin-expressing fibers. AGH altered fiber composition, decreasing MyH7 while increasing MyH4 and MyH2. Muscle force improved significantly, with greater twitch and tetanic forces. Mechanistically, AGH modulated the AKT/FOXO1 pathway, decreasing myogenin and Foxo1 while increasing MyoD. Conclusions AGH treatment restored mitochondrial autophagy, reduced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and altered muscle fiber composition via the AKT/FOXO1 pathway, collectively improving muscle force in mdx mice. We propose AGH as a potential therapeutic strategy for DMD and related muscle disorders.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-024-00371-1MdxROSAutophagyMitochondriaAminoguanidineApoptosis |
| spellingShingle | Shiyue Sun Tongtong Yu Joo Young Huh Yujie Cai Somy Yoon Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad Javaid Aminoguanidine hemisulfate improves mitochondrial autophagy, oxidative stress, and muscle force in Duchenne muscular dystrophy via the AKT/FOXO1 pathway in mdx mice Skeletal Muscle Mdx ROS Autophagy Mitochondria Aminoguanidine Apoptosis |
| title | Aminoguanidine hemisulfate improves mitochondrial autophagy, oxidative stress, and muscle force in Duchenne muscular dystrophy via the AKT/FOXO1 pathway in mdx mice |
| title_full | Aminoguanidine hemisulfate improves mitochondrial autophagy, oxidative stress, and muscle force in Duchenne muscular dystrophy via the AKT/FOXO1 pathway in mdx mice |
| title_fullStr | Aminoguanidine hemisulfate improves mitochondrial autophagy, oxidative stress, and muscle force in Duchenne muscular dystrophy via the AKT/FOXO1 pathway in mdx mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aminoguanidine hemisulfate improves mitochondrial autophagy, oxidative stress, and muscle force in Duchenne muscular dystrophy via the AKT/FOXO1 pathway in mdx mice |
| title_short | Aminoguanidine hemisulfate improves mitochondrial autophagy, oxidative stress, and muscle force in Duchenne muscular dystrophy via the AKT/FOXO1 pathway in mdx mice |
| title_sort | aminoguanidine hemisulfate improves mitochondrial autophagy oxidative stress and muscle force in duchenne muscular dystrophy via the akt foxo1 pathway in mdx mice |
| topic | Mdx ROS Autophagy Mitochondria Aminoguanidine Apoptosis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-024-00371-1 |
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