International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB)
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on an analysis of the literature regarding the effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB). The following 12 points have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: 1. HMB is a met...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15502783.2024.2434734 |
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| author | John A. Rathmacher Lisa M. Pitchford Jeffrey R. Stout Jeremy R. Townsend Ralf Jäger Richard B. Kreider Bill I. Campbell Chad M. Kerksick Patrick S. Harty Darren G. Candow Brandon M. Roberts Shawn M. Arent Douglas S. Kalman Jose Antonio |
| author_facet | John A. Rathmacher Lisa M. Pitchford Jeffrey R. Stout Jeremy R. Townsend Ralf Jäger Richard B. Kreider Bill I. Campbell Chad M. Kerksick Patrick S. Harty Darren G. Candow Brandon M. Roberts Shawn M. Arent Douglas S. Kalman Jose Antonio |
| author_sort | John A. Rathmacher |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on an analysis of the literature regarding the effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB). The following 12 points have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: 1. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine that is naturally produced in both humans and other animals. Two forms of HMB have been studied: Calcium HMB (HMB-Ca) and a free acid form of HMB (HMB-FA). HMB-FA appears to lead to increased appearance of HMB in the bloodstream when compared to HMB-Ca, though recent results are mixed. 2. The available safety/toxicity data suggest that chronic HMB-Ca and HMB-FA consumption are safe for oral HMB supplementation in humans up to at least one year. 3. There are no negative effects of HMB-Ca and HMB-FA on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in humans. There may be improvements in glucose metabolism in younger adults. 4. The primary mode of action of HMB appears to be through its dual mechanism to enhance muscle protein synthesis and suppress muscle protein breakdown. HMB’s activation of mTORC1 is independent of the leucine-sensing pathway (Sestrin2-GATOR2 complex). 5. HMB may help reduce muscle damage and promote muscle recovery, which can promote muscle growth/repair. HMB may also have anti-inflammatory effects, which could contribute to reducing muscle damage and soreness. 6. HMB consumption in close proximity to an exercise bout may be beneficial to increase muscle protein synthesis and attenuate the inflammatory response. HMB can provide a beneficial physiological effect when consumed both acutely and chronically in humans. 7. Daily HMB supplementation (38 mg/kg body weight) in combination with exercise training may improve body composition through increasing lean mass and/or decreasing fat mass with benefits in participants across age, sex, and training status. The most pronounced of these improvements in body composition with HMB have been observed in studies with robust resistance training programs and dietary control. 8. HMB may improve strength and power in untrained individuals, but its performance benefits in trained athletes are mixed and increase with an increase in study duration (>6 weeks). HMB’s beneficial effects on athletic performance are thought to be driven by improved recovery. 9. HMB supplementation appears to potentially have a positive impact on aerobic performance, especially in trained athletes. The mechanisms of the effects are unknown. 10. HMB supplementation may be important in a non-exercising sedentary and aging population to improve muscle strength, functionality, and muscle quality. The effects of HMB supplementation with exercise are varied, but the combination may have a beneficial effect on the treatment of age-associated sarcopenia under select conditions. 11. HMB may be effective in countering muscle disuse atrophy during periods of inactivity due to illness or injury. The modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and lipid metabolism by HMB may be a potential mechanism for preventing disuse atrophy and aiding rehabilitation beyond HMB’s effects on rates of muscle protein synthesis and degradation. 12. The efficacy of HMB in combination with certain nutrients may be enhanced under select conditions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5e06a7b32e07413981674478bd0745dc |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1550-2783 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj-art-5e06a7b32e07413981674478bd0745dc2025-08-20T03:48:11ZengTaylor & Francis GroupJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition1550-27832025-12-0122110.1080/15502783.2024.2434734International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB)John A. Rathmacher0Lisa M. Pitchford1Jeffrey R. Stout2Jeremy R. Townsend3Ralf Jäger4Richard B. Kreider5Bill I. Campbell6Chad M. Kerksick7Patrick S. Harty8Darren G. Candow9Brandon M. Roberts10Shawn M. Arent11Douglas S. Kalman12Jose Antonio13MTI Biotech Inc, Ames, IA, USAMTI Biotech Inc, Ames, IA, USAUniversity of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Orlando, FL, USAResearch, Nutrition, and Innovation, AG1, Carson City, NV, USAIncrenovo LLC, Whitefish Bay, WI, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USAUniversity of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, Tampa, FL, USALindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Saint Charles, MO, USALindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Saint Charles, MO, USAUniversity of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada10 General Greene Ave, Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USAUniversity of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USADr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Nutrition Department, Davie, FL, USANova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USAPosition Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on an analysis of the literature regarding the effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB). The following 12 points have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: 1. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine that is naturally produced in both humans and other animals. Two forms of HMB have been studied: Calcium HMB (HMB-Ca) and a free acid form of HMB (HMB-FA). HMB-FA appears to lead to increased appearance of HMB in the bloodstream when compared to HMB-Ca, though recent results are mixed. 2. The available safety/toxicity data suggest that chronic HMB-Ca and HMB-FA consumption are safe for oral HMB supplementation in humans up to at least one year. 3. There are no negative effects of HMB-Ca and HMB-FA on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in humans. There may be improvements in glucose metabolism in younger adults. 4. The primary mode of action of HMB appears to be through its dual mechanism to enhance muscle protein synthesis and suppress muscle protein breakdown. HMB’s activation of mTORC1 is independent of the leucine-sensing pathway (Sestrin2-GATOR2 complex). 5. HMB may help reduce muscle damage and promote muscle recovery, which can promote muscle growth/repair. HMB may also have anti-inflammatory effects, which could contribute to reducing muscle damage and soreness. 6. HMB consumption in close proximity to an exercise bout may be beneficial to increase muscle protein synthesis and attenuate the inflammatory response. HMB can provide a beneficial physiological effect when consumed both acutely and chronically in humans. 7. Daily HMB supplementation (38 mg/kg body weight) in combination with exercise training may improve body composition through increasing lean mass and/or decreasing fat mass with benefits in participants across age, sex, and training status. The most pronounced of these improvements in body composition with HMB have been observed in studies with robust resistance training programs and dietary control. 8. HMB may improve strength and power in untrained individuals, but its performance benefits in trained athletes are mixed and increase with an increase in study duration (>6 weeks). HMB’s beneficial effects on athletic performance are thought to be driven by improved recovery. 9. HMB supplementation appears to potentially have a positive impact on aerobic performance, especially in trained athletes. The mechanisms of the effects are unknown. 10. HMB supplementation may be important in a non-exercising sedentary and aging population to improve muscle strength, functionality, and muscle quality. The effects of HMB supplementation with exercise are varied, but the combination may have a beneficial effect on the treatment of age-associated sarcopenia under select conditions. 11. HMB may be effective in countering muscle disuse atrophy during periods of inactivity due to illness or injury. The modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and lipid metabolism by HMB may be a potential mechanism for preventing disuse atrophy and aiding rehabilitation beyond HMB’s effects on rates of muscle protein synthesis and degradation. 12. The efficacy of HMB in combination with certain nutrients may be enhanced under select conditions.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15502783.2024.2434734β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyratesport nutritionsupplementationleucine |
| spellingShingle | John A. Rathmacher Lisa M. Pitchford Jeffrey R. Stout Jeremy R. Townsend Ralf Jäger Richard B. Kreider Bill I. Campbell Chad M. Kerksick Patrick S. Harty Darren G. Candow Brandon M. Roberts Shawn M. Arent Douglas S. Kalman Jose Antonio International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate sport nutrition supplementation leucine |
| title | International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) |
| title_full | International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) |
| title_fullStr | International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) |
| title_full_unstemmed | International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) |
| title_short | International society of sports nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) |
| title_sort | international society of sports nutrition position stand β hydroxy β methylbutyrate hmb |
| topic | β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate sport nutrition supplementation leucine |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15502783.2024.2434734 |
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