Generalization of Ramsey Number for Cycle with Pendant Edges

This paper explores various Ramsey numbers associated with cycles with pendant edges, including the classical Ramsey number, the star-critical Ramsey number, the Gallai–Ramsey number, and the star-critical Gallai–Ramsey number. These Ramsey numbers play a crucial role in combinatorial mathematics, d...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Jagjeet Jakhar, Monu Moun, Youngsoo Seol, Majeed Ahmad Yousif, Muhammad Amer Latif, Pshtiwan Othman Mohammed
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Mathematics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/7/1196
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Summary:This paper explores various Ramsey numbers associated with cycles with pendant edges, including the classical Ramsey number, the star-critical Ramsey number, the Gallai–Ramsey number, and the star-critical Gallai–Ramsey number. These Ramsey numbers play a crucial role in combinatorial mathematics, determining the minimum number of vertices required to guarantee specific monochromatic substructures. We establish upper and lower bounds for each of these numbers, providing new insights into their behavior for cycles with pendant edges—graphs formed by attaching additional edges to one or more vertices of a cycle. The results presented contribute to the broader understanding of Ramsey theory and serve as a foundation for future research on generalized Ramsey numbers in complex graph structures.
ISSN:2227-7390