Discrete Unilateral Constrained Extended Kalman Filter in an Embedded System

Since its publication in the 1960s, the Kalman Filter (KF) has been a powerful tool in optimal state estimation. However, the KF and most of its variants have mainly focused on the state estimation of smooth systems. In this work, we propose a new algorithm called the Discrete Unilateral Constrained...

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Main Authors: Leonardo Herrera, Rodrigo Méndez-Ramírez
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Sensors
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4636
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author Leonardo Herrera
Rodrigo Méndez-Ramírez
author_facet Leonardo Herrera
Rodrigo Méndez-Ramírez
author_sort Leonardo Herrera
collection DOAJ
description Since its publication in the 1960s, the Kalman Filter (KF) has been a powerful tool in optimal state estimation. However, the KF and most of its variants have mainly focused on the state estimation of smooth systems. In this work, we propose a new algorithm called the Discrete Unilateral Constrained Extended Kalman Filter (DUCEKF) that expands the capabilities of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to a class of hybrid mechanical systems known as systems with unilateral constraints. Such systems are non-smooth in position and discontinuous in velocity. Lyapunov stability theory is invoked to establish sufficient conditions for the estimation error stability of the proposed algorithm. A comparison of the proposed algorithm with the EKF is conducted in simulation through a case study to demonstrate the superiority of the DUCEKF for the state estimation tasks in this class of systems. Simulations and an experiment were developed in this case study to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The experiment was conducted using electronic hardware that consists of an Embedded System (ES) called “Mikromedia for dsPIC33EP” and an external DAC-12 Click board, which includes a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) from Texas Instruments.
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spelling doaj-art-5d76b20fc72f482288823c2f4edc23bb2025-08-20T03:36:33ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-07-012515463610.3390/s25154636Discrete Unilateral Constrained Extended Kalman Filter in an Embedded SystemLeonardo Herrera0Rodrigo Méndez-Ramírez1Independent Researcher, Monterey, CA 93943, USAParadigm Advanced Research Center (PARC), 5340 Canotek Rd., Unit #4, Ottawa, ON K1J9C6, CanadaSince its publication in the 1960s, the Kalman Filter (KF) has been a powerful tool in optimal state estimation. However, the KF and most of its variants have mainly focused on the state estimation of smooth systems. In this work, we propose a new algorithm called the Discrete Unilateral Constrained Extended Kalman Filter (DUCEKF) that expands the capabilities of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to a class of hybrid mechanical systems known as systems with unilateral constraints. Such systems are non-smooth in position and discontinuous in velocity. Lyapunov stability theory is invoked to establish sufficient conditions for the estimation error stability of the proposed algorithm. A comparison of the proposed algorithm with the EKF is conducted in simulation through a case study to demonstrate the superiority of the DUCEKF for the state estimation tasks in this class of systems. Simulations and an experiment were developed in this case study to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The experiment was conducted using electronic hardware that consists of an Embedded System (ES) called “Mikromedia for dsPIC33EP” and an external DAC-12 Click board, which includes a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) from Texas Instruments.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4636unilateral constraintExtended Kalman Filterembedded systemdsPICmicrocontrollerdigital-to-analog converter
spellingShingle Leonardo Herrera
Rodrigo Méndez-Ramírez
Discrete Unilateral Constrained Extended Kalman Filter in an Embedded System
Sensors
unilateral constraint
Extended Kalman Filter
embedded system
dsPIC
microcontroller
digital-to-analog converter
title Discrete Unilateral Constrained Extended Kalman Filter in an Embedded System
title_full Discrete Unilateral Constrained Extended Kalman Filter in an Embedded System
title_fullStr Discrete Unilateral Constrained Extended Kalman Filter in an Embedded System
title_full_unstemmed Discrete Unilateral Constrained Extended Kalman Filter in an Embedded System
title_short Discrete Unilateral Constrained Extended Kalman Filter in an Embedded System
title_sort discrete unilateral constrained extended kalman filter in an embedded system
topic unilateral constraint
Extended Kalman Filter
embedded system
dsPIC
microcontroller
digital-to-analog converter
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4636
work_keys_str_mv AT leonardoherrera discreteunilateralconstrainedextendedkalmanfilterinanembeddedsystem
AT rodrigomendezramirez discreteunilateralconstrainedextendedkalmanfilterinanembeddedsystem