The Rise of Faint, Red Active Galactic Nuclei at z > 4: A Sample of Little Red Dots in the JWST Extragalactic Legacy Fields
We present a sample of 341 “little red dots” (LRDs) spanning the redshift range z ∼ 2–11 using data from the CEERS, PRIMER, JADES, UNCOVER, and NGDEEP surveys. Unlike past use of color indices to identify LRDs, we employ continuum slope fitting using shifting bandpasses to sample the same rest-fram...
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| author | Dale D. Kocevski Steven L. Finkelstein Guillermo Barro Anthony J. Taylor Antonello Calabrò Brivael Laloux Johannes Buchner Jonathan R. Trump Gene C. K. Leung Guang Yang Mark Dickinson Pablo G. Pérez-González Fabio Pacucci Kohei Inayoshi Rachel S. Somerville Elizabeth J. McGrath Hollis B. Akins Micaela B. Bagley Rebecca A.A. Bowler Laura Bisigello Adam Carnall Caitlin M. Casey Yingjie Cheng Nikko J. Cleri Luca Costantin Fergus Cullen Kelcey Davis Callum T. Donnan James S. Dunlop Richard S. Ellis Henry C. Ferguson Seiji Fujimoto Adriano Fontana Mauro Giavalisco Andrea Grazian Norman A. Grogin Nimish P. Hathi Michaela Hirschmann Marc Huertas-Company Benne W. Holwerda Garth Illingworth Stéphanie Juneau Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe Anton M. Koekemoer Wenxiu Li Ray A. Lucas Dan Magee Charlotte Mason Derek J. McLeod Ross J. McLure Lorenzo Napolitano Casey Papovich Nor Pirzkal Giulia Rodighiero Paola Santini Stephen M. Wilkins L. Y. Aaron Yung |
| author_facet | Dale D. Kocevski Steven L. Finkelstein Guillermo Barro Anthony J. Taylor Antonello Calabrò Brivael Laloux Johannes Buchner Jonathan R. Trump Gene C. K. Leung Guang Yang Mark Dickinson Pablo G. Pérez-González Fabio Pacucci Kohei Inayoshi Rachel S. Somerville Elizabeth J. McGrath Hollis B. Akins Micaela B. Bagley Rebecca A.A. Bowler Laura Bisigello Adam Carnall Caitlin M. Casey Yingjie Cheng Nikko J. Cleri Luca Costantin Fergus Cullen Kelcey Davis Callum T. Donnan James S. Dunlop Richard S. Ellis Henry C. Ferguson Seiji Fujimoto Adriano Fontana Mauro Giavalisco Andrea Grazian Norman A. Grogin Nimish P. Hathi Michaela Hirschmann Marc Huertas-Company Benne W. Holwerda Garth Illingworth Stéphanie Juneau Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe Anton M. Koekemoer Wenxiu Li Ray A. Lucas Dan Magee Charlotte Mason Derek J. McLeod Ross J. McLure Lorenzo Napolitano Casey Papovich Nor Pirzkal Giulia Rodighiero Paola Santini Stephen M. Wilkins L. Y. Aaron Yung |
| author_sort | Dale D. Kocevski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present a sample of 341 “little red dots” (LRDs) spanning the redshift range z ∼ 2–11 using data from the CEERS, PRIMER, JADES, UNCOVER, and NGDEEP surveys. Unlike past use of color indices to identify LRDs, we employ continuum slope fitting using shifting bandpasses to sample the same rest-frame emission blueward and redward of the Balmer break. This enables the detection of LRDs over a wider redshift range and with less contamination from galaxies with strong breaks that otherwise lack a rising red continuum. The redshift distribution of our sample increases at z < 8 and then undergoes a rapid decline at z ∼ 4.5, which may tie the emergence of these sources to the inside-out growth that galaxies experience during this epoch. We find that LRDs are ∼1 dex more numerous than X-ray- and UV-selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) at z ∼ 5–7. Within our sample, we have identified the first two X-ray-detected LRDs. An X-ray spectral analysis confirms that these AGN are moderately obscured with ${\mathrm{log}}\,({N}_{{\rm{H}}}/{{\rm{cm}}}^{2}$ ) of $23.{3}_{-1.3}^{+0.4}$ and $22.7{2}_{-0.16}^{+0.13}$ . Our analysis reveals that reddened AGN emission dominates their rest-optical light, while the rest-UV originates from their host galaxies. We also present NIRSpec observations from the RUBIES survey of 17 LRDs that show broad emission lines consistent with AGN activity. The confirmed AGN fraction of our sample is 71% for sources with F444W < 26.5. In addition, we find three LRDs with blueshifted Balmer absorption features in their spectra, suggesting an outflow of high-density, low-ionization gas from near the central engine of these faint, red AGN. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5d0ccb7490cd487ca78b7ec635ef15fc |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-5d0ccb7490cd487ca78b7ec635ef15fc2025-08-20T03:21:06ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01986212610.3847/1538-4357/adbc7dThe Rise of Faint, Red Active Galactic Nuclei at z > 4: A Sample of Little Red Dots in the JWST Extragalactic Legacy FieldsDale D. Kocevski0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-3880Steven L. Finkelstein1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8519-1130Guillermo Barro2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6813-875XAnthony J. Taylor3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1282-7454Antonello Calabrò4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-1614Brivael Laloux5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9996-9732Johannes Buchner6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-6634Jonathan R. Trump7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-0470Gene C. K. Leung8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-6507Guang Yang9https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-7722Mark Dickinson10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5414-5131Pablo G. Pérez-González11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4528-5639Fabio Pacucci12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9879-7780Kohei Inayoshi13https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9840-4959Rachel S. Somerville14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6748-6821Elizabeth J. McGrath15https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8688-2443Hollis B. Akins16https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3596-8794Micaela B. Bagley17https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9921-9218Rebecca A.A. Bowler18https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3917-1678Laura Bisigello19https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-4924Adam Carnall20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1482-5818Caitlin M. Casey21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0930-6466Yingjie Cheng22https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-071XNikko J. Cleri23https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-009XLuca Costantin24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6820-0015Fergus Cullen25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3736-476XKelcey Davis26https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8047-8351Callum T. Donnan27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-0208James S. Dunlop28Richard S. Ellis29https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7782-7071Henry C. Ferguson30https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7113-2738Seiji Fujimoto31https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-5066Adriano Fontana32https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3820-2823Mauro Giavalisco33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7831-8751Andrea Grazian34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5688-0663Norman A. Grogin35https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-8872Nimish P. Hathi36https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6145-5090Michaela Hirschmann37https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3301-3321Marc Huertas-Company38https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1416-8483Benne W. Holwerda39https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4884-6756Garth Illingworth40https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8096-2837Stéphanie Juneau41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0000-2394Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe42https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9187-3605Anton M. Koekemoer43https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6610-2048Wenxiu Li44https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1044-4081Ray A. Lucas45https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-7825Dan Magee46https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6668-2011Charlotte Mason47https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3407-1785Derek J. McLeod48https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-3326Ross J. McLure49Lorenzo Napolitano50https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-4408Casey Papovich51https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7503-8482Nor Pirzkal52https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3382-5941Giulia Rodighiero53https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-2296Paola Santini54https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9334-8705Stephen M. Wilkins55https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-6935L. Y. Aaron Yung56https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-035XDepartment of Physics and Astronomy , Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USADepartment of Physics, University of the Pacific , Stockton, CA 90340, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USAOsservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, ItalyCentre for Extragalactic Astronomy , Department of Physics, Durham University, UK; Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics , National Observatory of Athens, V. Paulou & I. Metaxa, 11532, GreeceMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstrasse, 85741 Garching, GermanyDepartment of Physics, 196 Auditorium Road, Unit 3046, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT 06269, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USAKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The NetherlandsNSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USACentro de Astrobiología (CAB) , CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, E-28850, Madrid, SpainCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Black Hole Initiative, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USAKavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking Universit y, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy , Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , 2515 Speedway Boulevard, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USAJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester, M13 9PL, UKDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ”G.Galilei,” Universitá di Padova , Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy; INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122, Padova, ItalyInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UKDepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USAUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4242, USA; George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4242, USACentro de Astrobiología (CAB) , CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, E-28850, Madrid, SpainInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UKDepartment of Physics, 196A Auditorium Road, Unit 3046, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT 06269, USAInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UKInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UKJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester, M13 9PL, UKSpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USAINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, ItalyUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst , 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003-9305, USAINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122, Padova, ItalySpace Telescope Science Institute , Baltimore, MD, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAInstitute of Physics , Laboratory of Galaxy Evolution, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , La Laguna, E-38205, Spain; Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, PSL University , 61 avenue del’Observatoire, F-75014 Paris, France; Université Paris-Cité , 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75014 Paris, France; Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sanchez , La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , New York, NY 10010, USAUniversity of Louisville , Department of Physics and Astronomy, 102 Natural Science Building, Louisville, KY 40292, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, UCO/Lick Observatory, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USANSF’s NOIRLab , 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USALaboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology , 84 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAKavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking Universit y, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaSpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, UCO/Lick Observatory, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USACosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Jagtvej 128, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, DenmarkInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UKInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UKINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via Frascati 33, 00078, Monteporzio Catone, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Sapienza , Città Universitaria di Roma—Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2, 00185, Roma, ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4242, USA; George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-4242, USAESA/AURA Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Università degli Studi di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122, Padova, Italy; INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122, Padova, ItalyINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, ItalyAstronomy Centre, University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK; Institute of Space Sciences and Astronomy, University of Malta , Msida MSD 2080, MaltaSpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAWe present a sample of 341 “little red dots” (LRDs) spanning the redshift range z ∼ 2–11 using data from the CEERS, PRIMER, JADES, UNCOVER, and NGDEEP surveys. Unlike past use of color indices to identify LRDs, we employ continuum slope fitting using shifting bandpasses to sample the same rest-frame emission blueward and redward of the Balmer break. This enables the detection of LRDs over a wider redshift range and with less contamination from galaxies with strong breaks that otherwise lack a rising red continuum. The redshift distribution of our sample increases at z < 8 and then undergoes a rapid decline at z ∼ 4.5, which may tie the emergence of these sources to the inside-out growth that galaxies experience during this epoch. We find that LRDs are ∼1 dex more numerous than X-ray- and UV-selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) at z ∼ 5–7. Within our sample, we have identified the first two X-ray-detected LRDs. An X-ray spectral analysis confirms that these AGN are moderately obscured with ${\mathrm{log}}\,({N}_{{\rm{H}}}/{{\rm{cm}}}^{2}$ ) of $23.{3}_{-1.3}^{+0.4}$ and $22.7{2}_{-0.16}^{+0.13}$ . Our analysis reveals that reddened AGN emission dominates their rest-optical light, while the rest-UV originates from their host galaxies. We also present NIRSpec observations from the RUBIES survey of 17 LRDs that show broad emission lines consistent with AGN activity. The confirmed AGN fraction of our sample is 71% for sources with F444W < 26.5. In addition, we find three LRDs with blueshifted Balmer absorption features in their spectra, suggesting an outflow of high-density, low-ionization gas from near the central engine of these faint, red AGN.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adbc7dActive galactic nucleiSupermassive black holes |
| spellingShingle | Dale D. Kocevski Steven L. Finkelstein Guillermo Barro Anthony J. Taylor Antonello Calabrò Brivael Laloux Johannes Buchner Jonathan R. Trump Gene C. K. Leung Guang Yang Mark Dickinson Pablo G. Pérez-González Fabio Pacucci Kohei Inayoshi Rachel S. Somerville Elizabeth J. McGrath Hollis B. Akins Micaela B. Bagley Rebecca A.A. Bowler Laura Bisigello Adam Carnall Caitlin M. Casey Yingjie Cheng Nikko J. Cleri Luca Costantin Fergus Cullen Kelcey Davis Callum T. Donnan James S. Dunlop Richard S. Ellis Henry C. Ferguson Seiji Fujimoto Adriano Fontana Mauro Giavalisco Andrea Grazian Norman A. Grogin Nimish P. Hathi Michaela Hirschmann Marc Huertas-Company Benne W. Holwerda Garth Illingworth Stéphanie Juneau Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe Anton M. Koekemoer Wenxiu Li Ray A. Lucas Dan Magee Charlotte Mason Derek J. McLeod Ross J. McLure Lorenzo Napolitano Casey Papovich Nor Pirzkal Giulia Rodighiero Paola Santini Stephen M. Wilkins L. Y. Aaron Yung The Rise of Faint, Red Active Galactic Nuclei at z > 4: A Sample of Little Red Dots in the JWST Extragalactic Legacy Fields The Astrophysical Journal Active galactic nuclei Supermassive black holes |
| title | The Rise of Faint, Red Active Galactic Nuclei at z > 4: A Sample of Little Red Dots in the JWST Extragalactic Legacy Fields |
| title_full | The Rise of Faint, Red Active Galactic Nuclei at z > 4: A Sample of Little Red Dots in the JWST Extragalactic Legacy Fields |
| title_fullStr | The Rise of Faint, Red Active Galactic Nuclei at z > 4: A Sample of Little Red Dots in the JWST Extragalactic Legacy Fields |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Rise of Faint, Red Active Galactic Nuclei at z > 4: A Sample of Little Red Dots in the JWST Extragalactic Legacy Fields |
| title_short | The Rise of Faint, Red Active Galactic Nuclei at z > 4: A Sample of Little Red Dots in the JWST Extragalactic Legacy Fields |
| title_sort | rise of faint red active galactic nuclei at z 4 a sample of little red dots in the jwst extragalactic legacy fields |
| topic | Active galactic nuclei Supermassive black holes |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adbc7d |
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