Immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris
Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts below 100 °C with the ability to be used as a catalyst for biodiesel production. However, to this date, the implementation of ILs as catalysts remains an enigma due to their practicability. Immobilizing ILs onto waste biomass solid support may improve the sustain...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2024-11-01
|
| Series: | Chemical Engineering Journal Advances |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124000917 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850107696233054208 |
|---|---|
| author | Virginia A H G Danarti Noraini Abd Ghani Ariyanti Sarwono Noorhafizah Bt Hasanudin |
| author_facet | Virginia A H G Danarti Noraini Abd Ghani Ariyanti Sarwono Noorhafizah Bt Hasanudin |
| author_sort | Virginia A H G Danarti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts below 100 °C with the ability to be used as a catalyst for biodiesel production. However, to this date, the implementation of ILs as catalysts remains an enigma due to their practicability. Immobilizing ILs onto waste biomass solid support may improve the sustainability of its implementation. This study is focused on synthesizing immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids (TBA AAILs) onto bamboo activated carbon (BAC) as catalysts in transesterification of fatty acids extracted from Chlorella vulgaris. Three AAILs, consisting of tetrabutylammonium paired with arginine, histidine, and lysine, were synthesized via neutralization reaction and immobilized onto BAC through wet impregnation method. Thereafter, microwave-assisted transesterification was performed with C. vulgaris as a feedstock. Impregnation of TBA AAILs caused modifications on morphology, chemical composition, and surface area of the BAC. [TBA][His]/BAC had greater impact compared to [TBA][Arg]/BAC and [TBA][Lys]/BAC, where it reduced the surface area up to 35 m2/g and pore volume to 0.020 cm3/g, initially BAC's surface area are 842 m2/g and pore volume of 0.387 cm3/g. Optimization with the Box-Behnken method achieved the highest yield 81.9 % FAME using 20 % [TBA][His]/BAC with 3 % of catalyst dosage and 21 gs of methanol at 80 °C for 48 mins with three times reusability. The immobilized TBA AAILs/BAC reduced IL consumption by 10 times and obtained comparatively higher yield than TBA AAILs, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional ILs catalyst. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5d03608bdeb74f97a0f95087b9fad792 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2666-8211 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chemical Engineering Journal Advances |
| spelling | doaj-art-5d03608bdeb74f97a0f95087b9fad7922025-08-20T02:38:32ZengElsevierChemical Engineering Journal Advances2666-82112024-11-012010067410.1016/j.ceja.2024.100674Immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgarisVirginia A H G Danarti0Noraini Abd Ghani1Ariyanti Sarwono2Noorhafizah Bt Hasanudin3Center of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Dept. of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak, Malaysia; Corresponding author.Center of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Dept. of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak, MalaysiaEnvironmental Engineering Department, Universitas Pertamina, Simprug, 12220, Jakarta, IndonesiaCenter of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Dept. of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak, MalaysiaIonic liquids (ILs) are molten salts below 100 °C with the ability to be used as a catalyst for biodiesel production. However, to this date, the implementation of ILs as catalysts remains an enigma due to their practicability. Immobilizing ILs onto waste biomass solid support may improve the sustainability of its implementation. This study is focused on synthesizing immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids (TBA AAILs) onto bamboo activated carbon (BAC) as catalysts in transesterification of fatty acids extracted from Chlorella vulgaris. Three AAILs, consisting of tetrabutylammonium paired with arginine, histidine, and lysine, were synthesized via neutralization reaction and immobilized onto BAC through wet impregnation method. Thereafter, microwave-assisted transesterification was performed with C. vulgaris as a feedstock. Impregnation of TBA AAILs caused modifications on morphology, chemical composition, and surface area of the BAC. [TBA][His]/BAC had greater impact compared to [TBA][Arg]/BAC and [TBA][Lys]/BAC, where it reduced the surface area up to 35 m2/g and pore volume to 0.020 cm3/g, initially BAC's surface area are 842 m2/g and pore volume of 0.387 cm3/g. Optimization with the Box-Behnken method achieved the highest yield 81.9 % FAME using 20 % [TBA][His]/BAC with 3 % of catalyst dosage and 21 gs of methanol at 80 °C for 48 mins with three times reusability. The immobilized TBA AAILs/BAC reduced IL consumption by 10 times and obtained comparatively higher yield than TBA AAILs, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional ILs catalyst.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124000917Amino acid ionic liquidsBamboo activated carbonHeterogeneous catalystMicrowave-assisted transesterificationChlorella vulgarisBox-behnken |
| spellingShingle | Virginia A H G Danarti Noraini Abd Ghani Ariyanti Sarwono Noorhafizah Bt Hasanudin Immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris Chemical Engineering Journal Advances Amino acid ionic liquids Bamboo activated carbon Heterogeneous catalyst Microwave-assisted transesterification Chlorella vulgaris Box-behnken |
| title | Immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris |
| title_full | Immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris |
| title_fullStr | Immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris |
| title_short | Immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris |
| title_sort | immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from chlorella vulgaris |
| topic | Amino acid ionic liquids Bamboo activated carbon Heterogeneous catalyst Microwave-assisted transesterification Chlorella vulgaris Box-behnken |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821124000917 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT virginiaahgdanarti immobilizedtetrabutylammoniumaminoacidionicliquidsasheterogeneouscatalystinbiodieselproductionfromchlorellavulgaris AT norainiabdghani immobilizedtetrabutylammoniumaminoacidionicliquidsasheterogeneouscatalystinbiodieselproductionfromchlorellavulgaris AT ariyantisarwono immobilizedtetrabutylammoniumaminoacidionicliquidsasheterogeneouscatalystinbiodieselproductionfromchlorellavulgaris AT noorhafizahbthasanudin immobilizedtetrabutylammoniumaminoacidionicliquidsasheterogeneouscatalystinbiodieselproductionfromchlorellavulgaris |