Experimentally Determined Solute Mixing under Laminar and Transitional Flows at Junctions in Water Distribution Systems
The water quality model in water distribution systems adopted in EPANET and other commercial simulation programs assumed perfect mixing of solute at pipe junctions. However, imperfect solute mixing at pipe junctions at turbulent flow has been reported. Yet, the mixing under laminar and transitional...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2019-01-01
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| Series: | Advances in Civil Engineering |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3686510 |
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| author | Yu Shao Lei Zhao Y. Jeffrey Yang Tuqiao Zhang Miaomiao Ye |
| author_facet | Yu Shao Lei Zhao Y. Jeffrey Yang Tuqiao Zhang Miaomiao Ye |
| author_sort | Yu Shao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The water quality model in water distribution systems adopted in EPANET and other commercial simulation programs assumed perfect mixing of solute at pipe junctions. However, imperfect solute mixing at pipe junctions at turbulent flow has been reported. Yet, the mixing under laminar and transitional flow is rarely reported and thus is the focus of experimental study reported here. The experimental results show that the average Reynolds number and the outflows Reynolds number ratio controls degrees of the mixing at the pipe junctions. For cross junctions, the mixing degree is a function of the average Reynolds number in three regions; each has different mixing mechanisms and mathematical relationship. For double-Tee junctions, the dimensionless connecting pipe length plays a more important role than the Reynolds number ratios of outflows and average Reynolds number on mixing because a longer connecting pipe length gives more mixing space and time for the water flow mixing. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5cf3b16703ee411c90d6766526d59fd1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1687-8086 1687-8094 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Advances in Civil Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-5cf3b16703ee411c90d6766526d59fd12025-02-03T06:01:10ZengWileyAdvances in Civil Engineering1687-80861687-80942019-01-01201910.1155/2019/36865103686510Experimentally Determined Solute Mixing under Laminar and Transitional Flows at Junctions in Water Distribution SystemsYu Shao0Lei Zhao1Y. Jeffrey Yang2Tuqiao Zhang3Miaomiao Ye4Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaM.S. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaSenior Scientist and Advisor, U.S.EPA, Office of Research and Development, ORISE Fellowship, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USAProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaAssociate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaThe water quality model in water distribution systems adopted in EPANET and other commercial simulation programs assumed perfect mixing of solute at pipe junctions. However, imperfect solute mixing at pipe junctions at turbulent flow has been reported. Yet, the mixing under laminar and transitional flow is rarely reported and thus is the focus of experimental study reported here. The experimental results show that the average Reynolds number and the outflows Reynolds number ratio controls degrees of the mixing at the pipe junctions. For cross junctions, the mixing degree is a function of the average Reynolds number in three regions; each has different mixing mechanisms and mathematical relationship. For double-Tee junctions, the dimensionless connecting pipe length plays a more important role than the Reynolds number ratios of outflows and average Reynolds number on mixing because a longer connecting pipe length gives more mixing space and time for the water flow mixing.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3686510 |
| spellingShingle | Yu Shao Lei Zhao Y. Jeffrey Yang Tuqiao Zhang Miaomiao Ye Experimentally Determined Solute Mixing under Laminar and Transitional Flows at Junctions in Water Distribution Systems Advances in Civil Engineering |
| title | Experimentally Determined Solute Mixing under Laminar and Transitional Flows at Junctions in Water Distribution Systems |
| title_full | Experimentally Determined Solute Mixing under Laminar and Transitional Flows at Junctions in Water Distribution Systems |
| title_fullStr | Experimentally Determined Solute Mixing under Laminar and Transitional Flows at Junctions in Water Distribution Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimentally Determined Solute Mixing under Laminar and Transitional Flows at Junctions in Water Distribution Systems |
| title_short | Experimentally Determined Solute Mixing under Laminar and Transitional Flows at Junctions in Water Distribution Systems |
| title_sort | experimentally determined solute mixing under laminar and transitional flows at junctions in water distribution systems |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3686510 |
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