Mechanical Response of Mudstone Based on Acoustic Emission Fractal Features

In this study, the effect of the stress amplitude on the mechanical behavior of mudstone was systematically investigated by cyclic loading and unloading experiments and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The results show that at low-stress amplitudes, mudstone specimens show better elastic recovery...

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Main Authors: Xianyin Chang, Yunpei Liang, Qican Ran
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Fractal and Fractional
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/9/2/83
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author Xianyin Chang
Yunpei Liang
Qican Ran
author_facet Xianyin Chang
Yunpei Liang
Qican Ran
author_sort Xianyin Chang
collection DOAJ
description In this study, the effect of the stress amplitude on the mechanical behavior of mudstone was systematically investigated by cyclic loading and unloading experiments and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The results show that at low-stress amplitudes, mudstone specimens show better elastic recovery ability, lower damage accumulation and higher structural stability. At high-stress amplitudes, the irreversible damage of the mudstone increases significantly, the internal fractures gradually expand and penetrate through, and the risk of instability increases significantly. This is manifested by the gradual increase in cumulative irreversible strain of mudstone at different stress amplitudes, up to 0.144%. In addition, different stress amplitudes have significant effects on energy evolution characteristics, with low-stress amplitudes mainly showing elastic deformation and a high percentage of recoverable energy, while high-stress amplitudes show a high percentage of dissipated energy. Under the condition of high-stress amplitude, such as the mudstone specimen #4, the percentage of tensile failure is 81.15%. Tensile failure dominates at all stress amplitudes, where the failure mechanism within mudstone is mainly characterized by the extension of tensile-type fractures. Through the multifractal analysis of AE signals, this study reveals the effect of the stress amplitude on the fracture extension mode and failure mechanism of mudstone. As the stress amplitude increases, Δ<i>α</i> and Δ<i>f</i> show an increasing trend. This indicates that the fracture extension process transforms from a relatively homogeneous and simple mode to a more inhomogeneous and complex mode. This transformation reflects the nonlinear and multiscale fracture characteristics of mudstone under high-stress conditions. The results of this study help to understand the mechanical behavior of mudstone under cyclic loading during coal mining and provide theoretical support for safe coal production.
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spelling doaj-art-5cdedbb5d2a942aeb8fe88f192bd4f6c2025-08-20T02:44:56ZengMDPI AGFractal and Fractional2504-31102025-01-01928310.3390/fractalfract9020083Mechanical Response of Mudstone Based on Acoustic Emission Fractal FeaturesXianyin Chang0Yunpei Liang1Qican Ran2China Coal Xinji Energy Co., Ltd., Huainan 232001, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, ChinaIn this study, the effect of the stress amplitude on the mechanical behavior of mudstone was systematically investigated by cyclic loading and unloading experiments and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The results show that at low-stress amplitudes, mudstone specimens show better elastic recovery ability, lower damage accumulation and higher structural stability. At high-stress amplitudes, the irreversible damage of the mudstone increases significantly, the internal fractures gradually expand and penetrate through, and the risk of instability increases significantly. This is manifested by the gradual increase in cumulative irreversible strain of mudstone at different stress amplitudes, up to 0.144%. In addition, different stress amplitudes have significant effects on energy evolution characteristics, with low-stress amplitudes mainly showing elastic deformation and a high percentage of recoverable energy, while high-stress amplitudes show a high percentage of dissipated energy. Under the condition of high-stress amplitude, such as the mudstone specimen #4, the percentage of tensile failure is 81.15%. Tensile failure dominates at all stress amplitudes, where the failure mechanism within mudstone is mainly characterized by the extension of tensile-type fractures. Through the multifractal analysis of AE signals, this study reveals the effect of the stress amplitude on the fracture extension mode and failure mechanism of mudstone. As the stress amplitude increases, Δ<i>α</i> and Δ<i>f</i> show an increasing trend. This indicates that the fracture extension process transforms from a relatively homogeneous and simple mode to a more inhomogeneous and complex mode. This transformation reflects the nonlinear and multiscale fracture characteristics of mudstone under high-stress conditions. The results of this study help to understand the mechanical behavior of mudstone under cyclic loading during coal mining and provide theoretical support for safe coal production.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/9/2/83mudstoneacoustic emissionfractal featurecyclic loadingmechanical response
spellingShingle Xianyin Chang
Yunpei Liang
Qican Ran
Mechanical Response of Mudstone Based on Acoustic Emission Fractal Features
Fractal and Fractional
mudstone
acoustic emission
fractal feature
cyclic loading
mechanical response
title Mechanical Response of Mudstone Based on Acoustic Emission Fractal Features
title_full Mechanical Response of Mudstone Based on Acoustic Emission Fractal Features
title_fullStr Mechanical Response of Mudstone Based on Acoustic Emission Fractal Features
title_full_unstemmed Mechanical Response of Mudstone Based on Acoustic Emission Fractal Features
title_short Mechanical Response of Mudstone Based on Acoustic Emission Fractal Features
title_sort mechanical response of mudstone based on acoustic emission fractal features
topic mudstone
acoustic emission
fractal feature
cyclic loading
mechanical response
url https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/9/2/83
work_keys_str_mv AT xianyinchang mechanicalresponseofmudstonebasedonacousticemissionfractalfeatures
AT yunpeiliang mechanicalresponseofmudstonebasedonacousticemissionfractalfeatures
AT qicanran mechanicalresponseofmudstonebasedonacousticemissionfractalfeatures