Application of Systems-of-Systems Theory to Electromagnetic Warfare Intentional Electromagnetic Interference Risk Assessment
Battlefields contain complex networks of electromagnetic (EM) systems, owned by adversary/allied military forces and civilians, communicating intentionally or unintentionally. Attacker’s strategies may include Intentional EM Interference (IEMI) to adversary target systems, although transmitted signa...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| author | Nigel Davies Huseyin Dogan Duncan Ki-Aries |
| author_facet | Nigel Davies Huseyin Dogan Duncan Ki-Aries |
| author_sort | Nigel Davies |
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| description | Battlefields contain complex networks of electromagnetic (EM) systems, owned by adversary/allied military forces and civilians, communicating intentionally or unintentionally. Attacker’s strategies may include Intentional EM Interference (IEMI) to adversary target systems, although transmitted signals may additionally degrade/disrupt allied/civilian systems (called victims). To aid decision-making processes relating to IEMI attacks, Risk Assessment (RA) is performed to determine whether interference risks to allied/civilian systems are acceptable. Currently, there is no formalized Quantitative RA Method (QRAM) capable of calculating victim risk distributions, so a novel approach is proposed to address this knowledge gap, utilizing an Electromagnetic Warfare (EW) IEMI RA method modeling scenarios consisting of interacting EM systems within complex, dynamic, diverse, and uncertain environments, using Systems-of-Systems (SoS) theory. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap via critical analysis utilizing a case study which demonstrates the use of an Acknowledged SoS-based model as input to a QRAM capable of calculating victim risk distributions within EW IEMI RA-associated scenarios. Transmitter operators possess only uncertain/fuzzy knowledge of victim systems, so it is proposed that a Moot Acknowledged System-of-Fuzzy-Systems applies to EW IEMI RA scenarios. In summary, a novel SoS description feeding a novel QRAM (supported by a systematic literature review of RA mathematical modeling techniques)is proposed to address the knowledge gap. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5cd7f6bdf0e24b10a1a75b6fadac51e4 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2079-8954 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Systems |
| spelling | doaj-art-5cd7f6bdf0e24b10a1a75b6fadac51e42025-08-20T02:25:12ZengMDPI AGSystems2079-89542025-04-0113424410.3390/systems13040244Application of Systems-of-Systems Theory to Electromagnetic Warfare Intentional Electromagnetic Interference Risk AssessmentNigel Davies0Huseyin Dogan1Duncan Ki-Aries2Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UKFaculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UKFaculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UKBattlefields contain complex networks of electromagnetic (EM) systems, owned by adversary/allied military forces and civilians, communicating intentionally or unintentionally. Attacker’s strategies may include Intentional EM Interference (IEMI) to adversary target systems, although transmitted signals may additionally degrade/disrupt allied/civilian systems (called victims). To aid decision-making processes relating to IEMI attacks, Risk Assessment (RA) is performed to determine whether interference risks to allied/civilian systems are acceptable. Currently, there is no formalized Quantitative RA Method (QRAM) capable of calculating victim risk distributions, so a novel approach is proposed to address this knowledge gap, utilizing an Electromagnetic Warfare (EW) IEMI RA method modeling scenarios consisting of interacting EM systems within complex, dynamic, diverse, and uncertain environments, using Systems-of-Systems (SoS) theory. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap via critical analysis utilizing a case study which demonstrates the use of an Acknowledged SoS-based model as input to a QRAM capable of calculating victim risk distributions within EW IEMI RA-associated scenarios. Transmitter operators possess only uncertain/fuzzy knowledge of victim systems, so it is proposed that a Moot Acknowledged System-of-Fuzzy-Systems applies to EW IEMI RA scenarios. In summary, a novel SoS description feeding a novel QRAM (supported by a systematic literature review of RA mathematical modeling techniques)is proposed to address the knowledge gap.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/4/244electromagnetic warfareelectromagnetic interferencerisk assessmentrisk acceptabilitysystems-of-systems |
| spellingShingle | Nigel Davies Huseyin Dogan Duncan Ki-Aries Application of Systems-of-Systems Theory to Electromagnetic Warfare Intentional Electromagnetic Interference Risk Assessment Systems electromagnetic warfare electromagnetic interference risk assessment risk acceptability systems-of-systems |
| title | Application of Systems-of-Systems Theory to Electromagnetic Warfare Intentional Electromagnetic Interference Risk Assessment |
| title_full | Application of Systems-of-Systems Theory to Electromagnetic Warfare Intentional Electromagnetic Interference Risk Assessment |
| title_fullStr | Application of Systems-of-Systems Theory to Electromagnetic Warfare Intentional Electromagnetic Interference Risk Assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of Systems-of-Systems Theory to Electromagnetic Warfare Intentional Electromagnetic Interference Risk Assessment |
| title_short | Application of Systems-of-Systems Theory to Electromagnetic Warfare Intentional Electromagnetic Interference Risk Assessment |
| title_sort | application of systems of systems theory to electromagnetic warfare intentional electromagnetic interference risk assessment |
| topic | electromagnetic warfare electromagnetic interference risk assessment risk acceptability systems-of-systems |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/4/244 |
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