The Development of the Radial Bow in Children: Normative Values
Background: Radial bowing is necessary for forearm rotation. Fractures or deformities of the forearm that affect the radial bow may disrupt normal forearm rotation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development and establish normative values for the pediatric and adolescent ra...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/101 |
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| author | Samara F. Kass Julia L. Conroy Alisa Forsberg Rebecca S. Li Catherine C. May Natasha S. McKibben Julio J. Jauregui Raymond W. Lui Joshua M. Abzug |
| author_facet | Samara F. Kass Julia L. Conroy Alisa Forsberg Rebecca S. Li Catherine C. May Natasha S. McKibben Julio J. Jauregui Raymond W. Lui Joshua M. Abzug |
| author_sort | Samara F. Kass |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Radial bowing is necessary for forearm rotation. Fractures or deformities of the forearm that affect the radial bow may disrupt normal forearm rotation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development and establish normative values for the pediatric and adolescent radial bow. Methods: A retrospective review of radiographs from children aged 0–17 years with no previous history of an upper extremity fracture or condition was performed. Patient demographics, maximal radial bow location, and depth were recorded in millimeters and as percentages of the total radial length. The proximal, middle, and distal third radial bows were measured. Means and standard deviations were utilized to establish average measurements by age group. Pearson correlation coefficients assessed the relationship between radial bowing and age. Results: A total of 505 forearm radiographs were measured. The average age of the patients was 10.0 years (SD: 5.2). The maximal radial bow location remained consistent with age, with a mean value of 61.7%. The maximal radial bow depth marginally decreased with age, with a mean value of 7.7%. The proximal, middle, and distal third maximal radial bows (measured in millimeters) increased with age. Conclusions: The maximal radial bow depth marginally decreases with increasing age, while the location of the maximal radial bow remains consistent as age increases. These measurements may be used to assess fracture reduction to ensure proper restoration of the radial bow during fracture and congenital condition treatment. Furthermore, they can aid in the detection of subtle fractures of the radius, including plastic deformations and greenstick fractures. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5cd633c18ec44b0ba0b8fa5a431e80ca |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj-art-5cd633c18ec44b0ba0b8fa5a431e80ca2025-01-24T13:27:18ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672025-01-0112110110.3390/children12010101The Development of the Radial Bow in Children: Normative ValuesSamara F. Kass0Julia L. Conroy1Alisa Forsberg2Rebecca S. Li3Catherine C. May4Natasha S. McKibben5Julio J. Jauregui6Raymond W. Lui7Joshua M. Abzug8Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USADepartment of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USADepartment of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USADepartment of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USADepartment of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USADepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USADepartment of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USADepartment of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USADepartment of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USABackground: Radial bowing is necessary for forearm rotation. Fractures or deformities of the forearm that affect the radial bow may disrupt normal forearm rotation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development and establish normative values for the pediatric and adolescent radial bow. Methods: A retrospective review of radiographs from children aged 0–17 years with no previous history of an upper extremity fracture or condition was performed. Patient demographics, maximal radial bow location, and depth were recorded in millimeters and as percentages of the total radial length. The proximal, middle, and distal third radial bows were measured. Means and standard deviations were utilized to establish average measurements by age group. Pearson correlation coefficients assessed the relationship between radial bowing and age. Results: A total of 505 forearm radiographs were measured. The average age of the patients was 10.0 years (SD: 5.2). The maximal radial bow location remained consistent with age, with a mean value of 61.7%. The maximal radial bow depth marginally decreased with age, with a mean value of 7.7%. The proximal, middle, and distal third maximal radial bows (measured in millimeters) increased with age. Conclusions: The maximal radial bow depth marginally decreases with increasing age, while the location of the maximal radial bow remains consistent as age increases. These measurements may be used to assess fracture reduction to ensure proper restoration of the radial bow during fracture and congenital condition treatment. Furthermore, they can aid in the detection of subtle fractures of the radius, including plastic deformations and greenstick fractures.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/101adolescentdevelopmentpediatricradial bowradiograph |
| spellingShingle | Samara F. Kass Julia L. Conroy Alisa Forsberg Rebecca S. Li Catherine C. May Natasha S. McKibben Julio J. Jauregui Raymond W. Lui Joshua M. Abzug The Development of the Radial Bow in Children: Normative Values Children adolescent development pediatric radial bow radiograph |
| title | The Development of the Radial Bow in Children: Normative Values |
| title_full | The Development of the Radial Bow in Children: Normative Values |
| title_fullStr | The Development of the Radial Bow in Children: Normative Values |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Development of the Radial Bow in Children: Normative Values |
| title_short | The Development of the Radial Bow in Children: Normative Values |
| title_sort | development of the radial bow in children normative values |
| topic | adolescent development pediatric radial bow radiograph |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/101 |
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