Topological arrangements in the equatorial timelike circular orbits of regular black holes

The study of topology opens a new frontier in understanding the characteristics of light rings in rotating black holes, as well as the equatorial timelike circular orbits found in non-rotating black holes. This work is devoted to exploring the configurations of circular orbits within the temporal di...

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Main Authors: M. Umair Shahzad, Nazek Alessa, Aqsa Mehmood, Muhammad Zeshan Ashraf
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-01-01
Series:Nuclear Physics B
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0550321324003158
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author M. Umair Shahzad
Nazek Alessa
Aqsa Mehmood
Muhammad Zeshan Ashraf
author_facet M. Umair Shahzad
Nazek Alessa
Aqsa Mehmood
Muhammad Zeshan Ashraf
author_sort M. Umair Shahzad
collection DOAJ
description The study of topology opens a new frontier in understanding the characteristics of light rings in rotating black holes, as well as the equatorial timelike circular orbits found in non-rotating black holes. This work is devoted to exploring the configurations of circular orbits within the temporal dimension, characterized by the different topology in regular black holes, and determining the corresponding zero points. Using effective potential, we built the vector in the r-θ plane where the zeros of ϕ define location of the timelike circular orbits. This special feature allows one to relate timelike circular orbits with the topology. To each zero point of the vector it is possible to assign a winding number, which defines a topological characteristic for timelike circular orbits. Winding numbers of -1 and +1 are assigned for unstable and stable timelike circular orbits respectively.
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publishDate 2025-01-01
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series Nuclear Physics B
spelling doaj-art-5cc6e60a7cbb44668c9a73b19fd73f282025-01-10T04:37:47ZengElsevierNuclear Physics B0550-32132025-01-011010116749Topological arrangements in the equatorial timelike circular orbits of regular black holesM. Umair Shahzad0Nazek Alessa1Aqsa Mehmood2Muhammad Zeshan Ashraf3Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Okara, Okara 56130, Pakistan; Department of Technical Sciences, Western Caspian University, Baku, AZ1001, Azerbaijan; Corresponding author.Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Okara, Okara 56130, PakistanCollege of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, ChinaThe study of topology opens a new frontier in understanding the characteristics of light rings in rotating black holes, as well as the equatorial timelike circular orbits found in non-rotating black holes. This work is devoted to exploring the configurations of circular orbits within the temporal dimension, characterized by the different topology in regular black holes, and determining the corresponding zero points. Using effective potential, we built the vector in the r-θ plane where the zeros of ϕ define location of the timelike circular orbits. This special feature allows one to relate timelike circular orbits with the topology. To each zero point of the vector it is possible to assign a winding number, which defines a topological characteristic for timelike circular orbits. Winding numbers of -1 and +1 are assigned for unstable and stable timelike circular orbits respectively.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0550321324003158
spellingShingle M. Umair Shahzad
Nazek Alessa
Aqsa Mehmood
Muhammad Zeshan Ashraf
Topological arrangements in the equatorial timelike circular orbits of regular black holes
Nuclear Physics B
title Topological arrangements in the equatorial timelike circular orbits of regular black holes
title_full Topological arrangements in the equatorial timelike circular orbits of regular black holes
title_fullStr Topological arrangements in the equatorial timelike circular orbits of regular black holes
title_full_unstemmed Topological arrangements in the equatorial timelike circular orbits of regular black holes
title_short Topological arrangements in the equatorial timelike circular orbits of regular black holes
title_sort topological arrangements in the equatorial timelike circular orbits of regular black holes
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0550321324003158
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AT muhammadzeshanashraf topologicalarrangementsintheequatorialtimelikecircularorbitsofregularblackholes