Organochlorine Contaminants in Maize Fertilized with Meat and Bone Meal Derived from Animal By-Products
Despite the fact that organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were banned many years ago, their residues are still present in the natural environment and pose a potential health risk to humans and animals. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of meat and bone meal (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 t ha<sup&...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Arkadiusz Stępień Katarzyna Wojtkowiak Ewelina Kolankowska Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko |
| author_facet | Arkadiusz Stępień Katarzyna Wojtkowiak Ewelina Kolankowska Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko |
| author_sort | Arkadiusz Stępień |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite the fact that organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were banned many years ago, their residues are still present in the natural environment and pose a potential health risk to humans and animals. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of meat and bone meal (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 t ha<sup>−1</sup> MBM) derived from animal by-products and used as fertilizer on the content of γ-HCH (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), DDT (1,1,1-Trichloro-bis-2,2 [4-chlorophenyl]-ethane) and its metabolites (DDD, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) in MBM, soil, and maize grain. A long-term small-area field experiment with MBM applied to maize grown in monoculture was conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station in Tomaszkowo, Poland (53°71′ N, 20°43′ E) from 2014 to 2017. The concentration of γ-HCH in soil decreased gradually, whereas the levels of DDT and its metabolites continued to increase in successive years of the experiment. A minor increase in DDT accumulation in maize grain was also observed, particularly in treatments supplied with mineral fertilizers. Meat and bone meal affected grain contamination levels, and the highest MBM rates decreased the content of DDT metabolites in grain. The results of the study suggest that MBM could be a secondary source of OCPs in the agricultural environment and that their availability to plants varies depending on soil parameters and weather conditions. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-5cbbab6f7be84056b2049e9c3f4d9e7d2025-08-20T03:47:48ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-05-011510562010.3390/app15105620Organochlorine Contaminants in Maize Fertilized with Meat and Bone Meal Derived from Animal By-ProductsArkadiusz Stępień0Katarzyna Wojtkowiak1Ewelina Kolankowska2Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko3Department of Agroecosystems and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Vehicles and Machinery, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Vehicles and Machinery, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Cieszyński 1 Sq., 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandDespite the fact that organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were banned many years ago, their residues are still present in the natural environment and pose a potential health risk to humans and animals. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of meat and bone meal (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 t ha<sup>−1</sup> MBM) derived from animal by-products and used as fertilizer on the content of γ-HCH (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), DDT (1,1,1-Trichloro-bis-2,2 [4-chlorophenyl]-ethane) and its metabolites (DDD, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) in MBM, soil, and maize grain. A long-term small-area field experiment with MBM applied to maize grown in monoculture was conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station in Tomaszkowo, Poland (53°71′ N, 20°43′ E) from 2014 to 2017. The concentration of γ-HCH in soil decreased gradually, whereas the levels of DDT and its metabolites continued to increase in successive years of the experiment. A minor increase in DDT accumulation in maize grain was also observed, particularly in treatments supplied with mineral fertilizers. Meat and bone meal affected grain contamination levels, and the highest MBM rates decreased the content of DDT metabolites in grain. The results of the study suggest that MBM could be a secondary source of OCPs in the agricultural environment and that their availability to plants varies depending on soil parameters and weather conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5620organochlorine pesticide residuesγ-HCH—γ-hexachlorocyclohexaneDDT—1,1,1-Trichloro-bis-2,2 [4-chlorophenyl]-ethaneDDD—dichlorodiphenyldichloroethaneDDE—dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene |
| spellingShingle | Arkadiusz Stępień Katarzyna Wojtkowiak Ewelina Kolankowska Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko Organochlorine Contaminants in Maize Fertilized with Meat and Bone Meal Derived from Animal By-Products Applied Sciences organochlorine pesticide residues γ-HCH—γ-hexachlorocyclohexane DDT—1,1,1-Trichloro-bis-2,2 [4-chlorophenyl]-ethane DDD—dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane DDE—dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene |
| title | Organochlorine Contaminants in Maize Fertilized with Meat and Bone Meal Derived from Animal By-Products |
| title_full | Organochlorine Contaminants in Maize Fertilized with Meat and Bone Meal Derived from Animal By-Products |
| title_fullStr | Organochlorine Contaminants in Maize Fertilized with Meat and Bone Meal Derived from Animal By-Products |
| title_full_unstemmed | Organochlorine Contaminants in Maize Fertilized with Meat and Bone Meal Derived from Animal By-Products |
| title_short | Organochlorine Contaminants in Maize Fertilized with Meat and Bone Meal Derived from Animal By-Products |
| title_sort | organochlorine contaminants in maize fertilized with meat and bone meal derived from animal by products |
| topic | organochlorine pesticide residues γ-HCH—γ-hexachlorocyclohexane DDT—1,1,1-Trichloro-bis-2,2 [4-chlorophenyl]-ethane DDD—dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane DDE—dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5620 |
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